Федеральный научный центр биологических систем и агротехнологий Российской академии наук 2 Оренбургский государственный университет Аннотация. В статье представлены результаты исследований элементного и микроэкологического состава рубца молодняка крупного рогатого скота при использовании в кормлении высокодисперсных частиц диоксида кремния (SiO 2) и сплава железа и кобальта (FeCo), с гидродинамическим радиусом 109,6±16,6 и 265±25 нм соответственно. В эксперименте «in vitro» показано, что переваримость сухого вещества корма при экспозиции в рубцовой жидкости максимальна при введении высокодисперсных частиц (ВДЧ) SiO2 в концентрации 2 мг/мл. Введение ВДЧ SiO2 способствует прогрессирующему во времени накоплению кремния в рубцовой жидкости с динамикой от 3,8 % через три до 31 % через шесть часов после введения. Использование в кормлении ВДЧ FeCo сопровождается снижением концентрации в рубцовой жидкости железа на 46 % и 52 %, кобальтана 40 % и 50 % через три и шесть часов соответственно. Введение ВДЧ SiO 2 в корм сопряжено с изменениями в микроэкологическом статусе и ферментативной активности рубцовой жидкости и способствует увеличению переваримости сухого вещества. Отсутствие токсических эффектов ВДЧ в отношении микрофлоры рубца, положительный эффект исследуемых высокодисперсных частиц на основные группы бактерий микробиомы рубца и отсутствие развития условно-патогенной микрофлоры показывают их относительную биобезопасность для окружающей среды и перспективы использования в практике животноводства. Ключевые слова: крупный рогатый скот, минеральное питание, элементный статус, микрофлора, рубцовая жидкость, высокодисперсные частицы, диоксид кремния (SiO 2), сплав железа и кобальта (FeCo).
Active development of nanomaterials in various areas of human activity leads to their intensive release into the environment. Nanomaterials in aquatic ecosystems are of particular concern, leading to changes in water quality and dangerous for representatives of aquabiocenosis - aquatic invertebrates, bioaccumulating technogenic nanoparticles. In this regard, studies on the selection of an optimal test object from representatives of hydrobionts, having the most adequate response to various, including toxic, effects of nanomaterials, with further prospect of determining the potential risks that arise when they enter aquatic biocenoses are relevant. Cultures of freshwater ciliate of Stylonychia mytilus (wild strain) in the phase of exponential growth and Paramecium caudatum were selected as the objects of the study. Survival was a determined parameter. 9 laboratory preparations of ultradispersed particles of metals (zinc, copper, ferrum, argentum, cobalt, titanium, aluminum, molybdenum, nickel) were used in studies. The analysis of the effects of ultradispersed metal particles revealed a negative biological effect on Paramecium caudatum and Stylonychia mytilus. Paramecium caudatum was the most sensitive to increasing concentrations of nanoparticles, as evidenced by the death of individuals after 10 minutes of contact. In turn, the death of Stylonychia mytilus was observed only at the 60th minute of exposure. Based on the above, Paramecium caudatum culture can be proposed as an express test object, giving a response at the 10th minute of the experiment. For studies assessing various types of toxicity that require a longer contact time, Stylonychia mytilus is a more suitable test object, since the effect of nanoparticles on the cell can be observed for 60-180 minutes or more.
Annotation The use of nanomaterials is now included in many areas of human activity. A promising area of research for ecology, biology, agriculture and medicine is currently the development in the field of nanotechnology related to the production and use of ultrafine particles of metals and their oxides. In particular, a very broad trend in their use is associated with the creation of new microelements based on them. In this regard, of interest are only those forms of ultrafine particles, which do not have their own toxic effect, but have a more pronounced positive effect compared with substances in macrodisperse form. That is why it becomes relevant to study the safety issues of ultrafine particles of metals-trace elements and assess the possibility of biological risks associated with these applications, for example, as food additives. In this work, the hazard / safety of ultrafine particles of metals and their oxides on the recombinant Escherichia coli K12 TG1 strain with cloned luxCDABE Vibrio fischeri genes was investigated using bioluminescent analysis and the forms of ultrafine particles and their concentrations suitable for further use in agriculture and medicine were determined.
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