There are numerous medicinal plants in the Southern and Eastern Nigeria. These plants are widely utilized in Nigerian traditional system of medicine for the treatment of countless of illnesses. This paper focused on the phytochemical and essential composition of the aerial parts of Leonurus cardiaca. The phytochemical and essential oil screening and characterization were carried out using high performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography. Results obtained from this investigation showed seven different terpenoids and their total concentrations were 26.19 x 10-1 (mg/100 g), nine different phenolic acids (506.33 mg/100 g), twelve different saponin (62.33 mg/100 g), seven different cyanogenic glycosides (118.03 mg/100 g), thirteen different glycosides (16.17 mg/100 g), five (5) different anthocyanins (56.53 mg/100 g), twenty six different alkaloids (1.31 mg/100 g), six different flavonoids (7.31 mg/100 g), seven different sterol (5.91 mg/100 g), tannins (426.49 mg/100 g), and phytate (69.12 mg/100 g). Analysis for essential oils showed fourty one different essential oils (100. 00 %). Our uncovering indicated Leonurus cardiaca is an excellent source of terpenoids, saponins, alkaloids, anthraquinones, anthocyanins, phenolic acid, sterols, cyanogenic glycoside, phytate, tannins, glycosides, flavonoids and essential oils. This present research exemplify the preparatory detection for discretion or selection of Leonurus cardiaca potential source of novel therapies for the treatment of various diseases.
This study graded the acute, sub-acute, and chronic toxicity of aqueous extract of the aerial parts of Leonurus cardiaca in non-pregnant female wistar rats. Fifty wistar albino rats weighing between 180 and 200g were used for this study. The rats were grouped into 10 groups of five rats per group. Group 1 served as control while group 2-11 were orally administered aqueous extract of Leonurus cardiaca at 166, 250, and 500mg/kg for 7, 14, and 21 days. All haematological and biochemical parameters were determined based on standard methods. The plasma RBC, Hb, MCV, and WBC of the control were 5.33±0.01 x 1012/L, 13.54±0.01 g/dl, 42.16±0.01 fl, and 1.83±0.01 X 109/L respectively. The plasma RBC, Hb, MCV, and WBC of the rats treated with 500mg/kg of the extract for 21 days were 10.93±0.01x 1012/L, 19.24±0.01g/dl, 28.33±0.01fl, and 1.41±0.01 x 109/L respectively and were significantly different from the control at p≤0.05. The plasma Na+, K+ , Cl-, HCO3 , creatinine, and urea levels treated with extract at 500mg/kg for 21 days were 167.97±0.01 01mmol/l, 7.85±0.0101mmol/l, 164.24±0.0101mmol/l, 40.84±0.0101mmol/l, 1.16±0.0101mmol/l, and 5.68±0.02 01mmol/l respectively, were significantly different from the control at p≤0.05. The plasma ALT, ALP, and AST activities treated with extract at 500mg/kg for 21 days were 146.24±0.02U/L, 77.33±0.01U/L, and 168.71±0.01U/L respectively, were significantly different from the control at p≤0.05. Enhancement on architecture of the heart, kidney and liver tissues occurred after treatment with 500mg/kg of the extract for 21 days in comparison to the control. The significantly improved effects observed on all assayed parameters were expressive that the extract of the aerial parts of Leonurus cardiaca is safe at 500 mg/Kg.
This study evaluated the phytochemical composition and hepatoprotective potential of ethanolic root extract of Jatropha curcas in acetaminophen-induced toxicity in wistar albino rats. The phytochemical screening and composition were determined using gas chromatography. Thirty albino rats weighing between 170 and 200 g were used, were separated into 5 groups. Group one was administered distilled water, 2 was administered 1000 mg/kg AC only, 3, 4 and 5 were administered 1000 mg/kg acetaminophen + 200 mg/kg extract, 1000 mg/kg acetaminophen + 400 mg/kg extract, 1000 mg/kg AC + 100 mg/kg Silymarin. Phytochemical composition of root of the plant showed saponin (55.7079 µg/g) lunamarine (34.3976 µg/g), kaempferol (32.7107 µg/g), rutin (20.7399 µg/g), sapogenin (11.2644 µg/g), phenol (4.1557 µg/g), anthocyanin (1.1946 µg/g), epicatechin (0.8303 µg/g) and catechin (0.1883 µg/g). The plasma ALP, AST, ALT and GGT activities of the negative control were 151.50±14.11 U/L, 48.00±7.19 U/L, 79.50 ± 2.14 U/L and 3.50± 0.45 U/L respectively. The plasma ALP, AST, ALT and GGT activities of group 3 were 78.50± 4.75 U/L, 23.00± 2.35 U/L, 49.00± 3.65 and 2.95 ± 0.17 U/L respectively, were significantly decreased when compared with the controls. The plasma total protein, albumin and total bilirubin levels of the negative control were 57.00± 0.86 g/l, 32.00 ± 0.86 g/l, 20.35 ± 0.83 µmol. The plasma total protein, albumin and total bilirubin levels of group 3 were 61.50± 2.14 g/l, 33.00± 0.86 g/l 11.15 ± 0.98 µmol respectively and were significantly increased when compared the controls. The significant improvement observed on the liver markers is suggestive of the hepatoprotective properties of Jatropha curcas.
This study investigated the effect if ethanolic fruit extracts of Perssea americana and Prunus dulcis on caffeine-testicular damage in male albino rats. Sixty rats weighing 120 and 170 g were used for this study. The rats were separated into 12 groups of five rats per group. Group 1 served as normal control, group 2 received 200mg/kg of caffeine, serving as negative control while group 3 served as positive control. Rats in group 4-6 were orally administered 200mg/kg caffeine + ethanolic 100, 200, and 400mg/kg of Prunus dulcis, group 7-12 received 200mg/kg caffeine + ethanolic 100, 200, and 400mg/kg, and Caffeine + ethanolic 100mg/kg Persea americana +100mg/kg Prunus dulcis fruit extract for 7, 14, and 21 days. Blood sample was collected from the tail of each rats at 7 days interval after treatment, for biochemical assays while one rats in each group was sacrificed and the testis was harvested for histological analysis. The plasma luteinizing hormone level of the negative control for 7, 14, and 21 days were 1.62 ± 0.01IU/ML, 1.71 ± 0.02IU/ML, and 1.05 ± 0.09IU/ML respectively. The plasma luteinizing hormone level of group 6 treated with 400mg/kg of Prunus dulcis fruit extract for 7, 14, and 21 days were 3.06. ± 0.05IU/ML, 3.41 ± 0.05IU/ML, and 3.63 ± 0.01IU/ML respectively, were significantly different from group 2 while those of group 9 treated with 400mg/kg of Persea americana fruit extract for 7, 14, and 21 days were 3.51 ± 0.05IU/ML, 3.82 ± 0.05IU/ML, and 3.90 ± 0.02IU/ML. Regeneration of damage testicular tissues occurred after treatment. The significant increases observed on the hormonal profile and regeneration of damaged testicular tissues of the extracts treated rats indicated testiculo-curative effect of P. dulcis and P. americana fruit on caffeine-induced testicular damage in rats.
This study investigated the effect of aqueous extract of the aerial parts of Leonurus cardiaca on cisplatin-induced hepato-renal damage in male Wistar albino rats. Sixty male wistar albino rats weighing between 180 and 220g were used for this study. The rats were grouped into 12 groups, five rats per group. Group 1 served as normal control, group 2 received 5mg/kg weight of cisplatin, serving as negative control while group 3 received 5mg/kg b.w of cisplatin and treated with 25mg/kg weight of hydrochlorothiazide and served as positive control. Group 4-12 rats were cisplatin-induced cardiovascular damage treated with Leonurus cardiaca extract at 166, 250, and 500mg/kg for 7, 14, and 21 days. Biochemical assays were determined using standard methods and procedures. The Na+, Cl-, HCO3-, creatinine, and urea levels of kidney homogenate of group 7 treated rats with the extract at 250mg/kg b.w for 7 days were 123.05±0.01mmol/l, 1.07±0.01mmol/l, 27.27±0.01mmol/l, 13.63±0.01mmol/l, 0.68±0.02mmol/l, and 1.14±0.01mmol/l respectively and were significantly increased when compared to the negative and normal control groups. Similar increases occurred for 14 and 21 days treatments. The kidney homogenate Na+, Cl-, HCO3, creatinine, and urea of group 7 treated rats with the extract at 500mg/kg b.w for 7 days were 158.05±0.01mmol/l, 3.03±0.01mmol/l, 31.13±0.01mmol/l, 19.46±0.01mmol/l, 2.06±0.00mmol/l, and 2.03±0.01mmol/l respectively. Values were significantly increased (p<0.05) in comparison to the normal and negative control groups. Similar increases were observed for 14 and 21 days treatments. The plasma ALT, ALP, and AST activities were 187.35±0.00U/L, 98.03±0.01U/L, 185.64±40.81U/L respectively, were significantly decreased (p<0.05) in comparison to negative control treated with the extract at 250mg/kg b.w for 14 days. The plasma ALT, ALP, and AST activities of group 10 rats treated with the extract at 500mg/kg b.w for 7 days were 164.24±0.01U/L, 87.02±0.01U/L, and 183.74±0.01U/L respectively and were significantly decreased (p<0.05) in comparison to negative control. The hepato-renal curative potential of Leonurus cardiaca could be attributed in part to its ability in enhancing liver and kidney regeneration.
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