The interleukin-2 (IL-2) promoter consists of several independent T cell receptor (TcR) responsive elements. The induction of promoters dependent on these elements is inhibitable by the immunosuppressants cyclosporin A (CsA) and tacrolimus . Calcineurin, a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase, is the FK-506-and CsA-sensitive enzyme required for TcR mediated activation of the LL-2 promoter. We report that a constitutively active form of calcineurin partially substitutes for the Ca2+ co-stimulus required to activate the IL-2 promoter elements IL-2A (which binds the factors OAP and Oct-i) and LL-2E (which binds NF-AT), and completely substitutes for the Ca2+ co-stimulus required to stimulate an NF-xB-dependent element. Calcineurin stimulates the NF-xB element by enhancing inactivation of IxB/MAD3, an inhibitor of NF-xB, thereby increasing the amount of nuclear NF-xB DNA binding activity. These data provide the first demonstration in vivo that activation of a protein phosphatase can inactivate IxB, and suggest one possible explanation for mechanism-based toxicities associated with FK-506 and CsA by demonstrating that these drugs can inhibit the calcineurin-dependent activation of a virtually ubiquitous transcription factor.
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