This paper aims to investigate Islamic banking performance based on higher ethical objectives enshrined within Sharī'ah (Islamic legal rulings); namely, Maqās id al-Sharī'ah. First, we examine the importance of both ethical and social concerns on bank performance in general. Second, we analyse the ethical and social performance of Islamic banks (IBs) based on the Maqās id al-Sharī'ah Index (MSI) that emphasises disclosures related to education, social justice, and redistribution of wealth. Third, we investigate how far IBs have gone towards achieving Maqās id al-Sharī'ah goals during the last decade, post-global financial crises (GFC) period, with a particular focus on Indonesia as a case study. Hence, testing whether IBs achieve socioeconomic justice and attain best practice by securing social good. The selected banks' annual reports were examined, applying content analysis to obtain the necessary data, using the Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) method to determine the level of Maqās id in the sample. Empirical evidence suggests that conventional performance measurements do not truly reflect IBs' higher ethical objectives, and create a deficiency of attaining Maqās id al-Sharī'ah performance in these banks. This research extends the previous literature on evaluating the performance of IBs beyond the financial return, which includes their ethical and social identity based on the Maqās id al-Sharī'ah scale, especially the post-GFC period. The result also reveals that there is a financial cost to achieving the Maqās id al-Sharī'ah, as IBs that achieved high MSI scores have sacrificed financially. This supports the findings of the literature that IBs prefer financial returns over their ethical and social impact.

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Nowadays, the integration of renewable energy sources, especially grid-connected photovoltaic, into electrical power systems, is increasing dramatically. There are several stimulants especially in the Java-Bali power system, including huge solar potential, a national renewable energy (RE) target, regulation support for prosumers, photovoltaic technology development, and multi-year power system planning. However, significant annual photovoltaic penetration can lead to critical issues, including a drop of netload during the day, ramping capability, and minimal load operation for thermal power plants. This study analyses the duck curve phenomenon in the Java-Bali power system that considers high shares of the baseload power plant and specific scenarios in photovoltaic (PV) penetration and electricity demand growth. This study also analyses future netload, need for fast ramping rate capability, and oversupply issues in the Java-Bali power system. The results showed that the duck curve phenomenon appears with a significant netload drop in the middle of the day because of high power generation from grid-connected PV. Furthermore, the need for fast ramp rate capability is critical for a higher peak load combined with the lowest netload valley. Moreover, the significant load growth with high grid-connected PV penetration level caused unit commitment issues for thermal power plants as baseload operators.

Sumatra Power System as second largest system in Indonesia with abundant sustainable energy sources currently has a fuel mix that is still dominated by fossil fuels. To anticipate oil price in global market and to decrease subsidize level, Indonesian government in 2007 has launched 10,000 MW Fast Track Program Phase I to develop Coal Based Power Plant. Reducing greenhouse effect and considering least cost production principle; in 2010 the Government issued Fast Track Program Phase II to construct 10.000 MW sustainable energy power plants predominantly by geothermal energy sources. This paper presents but not limited to Sustainable energy resource capacity and also Sumatra Fuel Mix compared to Energy resources in Sumatra power System.

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