Total ozone and erythemal UV models have been created for UV Index forecasting in Thailand.Versions of an ozone model for Chiangmai, Ubon Ratchathani, Bangkok and Songkhla and a UV model for Bangkok and Songkhla are available for operation on a daily basis. The procedure is to forecast ozone from upper air data, and then calculate the forecast erythemal UV irradiance from the ozone forecast. In the ozone models, a linear regression technique was used with fifteen coefficients for temperature and dynamic height at the 100 hPa and 50 hPa levels where the ozone exists and daily balloon observations are made. Simple ozone models were also developed for use in the areas without upper air observations. The data are in the form of time series over three consecutive days. The UV models were obtained from Brewer UV data from Bangkok and Songkhla fitted to a non-linear three dimensional equation which is a function of ozone and its air mass to obtain five coefficients for the empirical formula. The models are used to estimate cloud-free values of the UV Index over the different areas of the country. The output of the erythemal UV for a clear sky is converted to the UV Index. The UV Index is then used to select one of five categories for issuing to the public every noon. Reductions of the UV Index for cloudy skies are also given. The average accuracy of the models is acceptable as the squares of the correlation coefficients (R 2 ) are 0.88 and 0.99 for the ozone and UV models respectively, while the mean absolute percentage errors are 1.5 % and 7.5 % for the ozone and UV forecasting respectively.

Numerical weather predictions of three heavy rainfall events in the northeast monsoon causing floods and damage in southern Thailand are reported in this paper. The Pennsylvania State University/National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU/NCAR) mesoscale model (MM5) was used with the Betts-Miller (BM), Grell (GR), and new Kain-Fritsch (KF2) convective parameterization (CP) schemes at 5 km resolution, and also with an unparameterized or explicit (EX) scheme, to look for a promising method for precipitation forecasting. The accumulated precipitation amounts predicted by the model were evaluated qualitatively by comparison with the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) maps, and quantitatively by calculating statistical score indices for di¤erent rainfall thresholds. The simulations were evaluated by comparing the synoptic near surface fields with the NCEP FNL objective analysis fields and also with the vertical profiles of wind speed, temperature and mixing ratio at Songkhla station.The simulations gave generally satisfactory predictions of the synoptic fields, except for an overprediction of the relative humidity. The heavy rainfall was associated in each case with a small vortex where the northeasterly wind interacted with a warm humid southerly wind. The model underestimated the heavy rainfall amounts, and widely di¤erent rainfall patterns were produced by the di¤erent schemes used. The KF2 and EX schemes generally gave better results than the BM and GR schemes.

A hybrid climate model (HCM) is a novel proposed model based on the combination of self-organizing map (SOM) and analog method (AM). Model iklim hibrid (HCM) adalah model cadangan novel berdasarkan peta swaurus (SOM) dan kaedah analog (AM). Tujuan utama kajian ialah untuk meningkatkan ketepatan dalam peramalan curahan hujan menggunakan

The present paper deals with the integral equations formulation through the method of finite Hankel integral transform techniques for solving the mixed boundary value problem of unilaterally supported rectangular plates loaded by uniformly distributed load. Due to the absent concentrated corner forces at all plate corners, the occurrence of mixed boundary conditions between a plate and the supports can be reduced from the coupled dual-series equations that resulted in using the Levy's approach for the plate deflection function to a set of two coupled integral equations of Fredholm-type. The highlight of problem is that the analyticalformulation explicitly considers the nature of the inverse-square-root shear singularities at the ends of unilateral supports in the plate loaded state.

The simulations of rainfall from historical data were created in this study by using statistical downscaling. Statistical downscaling techniques are based on a relationship between the variables that are solved by the General Circulation Models (GCMs) and the observed predictions. The Modified Constructed Analog Method (MCAM) is a technique in downscaling estimation, suitable for rainfall simulation accuracy using weather forecasting. In this research, the MCAM was used to calculate the Euclidean distance to obtain the number of analog days. Afterwards, a linear combination of 30 analog days is created with simulated rainfall data which are determined by the corresponding 5 days from the adjusted weights of the appropriate forecast day. This method is used to forecast the daily rainfall and was received from the Thai Meteorological Department (TMD) from the period during 1979 to 2010 at thirty stations. The experiment involved the use of rainfall forecast data that was combined with the historical data during the rainy season in 2010. The result showed that the MCAM gave the correlation value of 0.8 resulting in a reduced percentage error of 13.66%. The MCAM gave the value of 1094.10 mm which was the closest value to the observed precipitation of 1119.53 mm.