This study was carried out to determine the protective effects of lithium borate (LTB) on blood parameters and histopathological findings in experimentally induced acute cadmium (Cd) toxicity in rats. Twenty-eight male Wistar albino rats were used, weighing 200-220 g, and they were randomly divided into four groups, including one control and the following three experimental groups: a Cd group (0.025 mmol/kg), a LTB group (15 mg/kg/day orally for 5 days), and a LTB + Cd group (15 mg/kg/day orally for 5 days and Cd 0.025 mmol/kg by intraperitoneal injection on the fifth day). All the rats in the study were anesthetized with ketamine at the end of the sixth day, blood was taken from their hearts, and then the rats were decapitated. The values in the control and LTB group were usually close to each other. White blood cell (WBC), neutrophil %, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels increased in the Cd and LTB + Cd groups while lymphocyte and monocyte levels decreased in a statistically significant manner, in comparison to the other groups. It was determined that the levels of red blood cells (RBCs), hematocrit (Htc), and hemoglobin (Hb) did not change in the groups. The levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in the Cd and LTB + Cd groups significantly increased, in comparison to the other groups, while the glucose, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), albumin (ALB), and total protein (TP) levels decreased. According to histopathological findings in the control and LTB groups, the liver and kidney tissues were found to have normal histological structures. In the Cd group, severe necrotic hemorrhagic hepatitis, mild steatosis, and mononuclear cell infiltration were detected in the liver. In the LTB + Cd group, degeneration and mild mononuclear cell infiltration were found in the liver. Regarding the kidney tissue in the Cd group, severe intertubular hyperemia in both kidney cortex and medulla, as well as degeneration and necrosis in the tubulus epithelium, was observed. In the LTB + Cd group, mild interstitial hyperemia and mononuclear cell infiltration was detected. Resultantly, it can be said that LTB at this dose has non-toxic effects and some beneficial effects for liver and kidney damage caused by acute Cd toxicity.

5‐fluorouracil (5-FU), a pyrimidine analogue anticarcinogenic agent, is widely used in the solid tumors treatment. Use of the 5-FU causes cardiotoxicity. Our aim in this study investigations effects of Quercetin and Rutin on ECG parameters in the 5-FU-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. In the present study used male rats. Rats were divided randomly to eight group. The control group was given intragastric corn oil for 14 days. The 5-FU group rats were given ig corn oil for 14 days and injected intraperitoneal the single dose of 5-FU(50 mg/kg) on the eleventh day. The Q50+5-FU and Q100+5-FU groups were given ig 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg Q for 14 days, respectively and these groups were injected single dose of 5-FU(50 mg/kg) on the 11th days of Q application. The group Q100 was Q(100 mg/kg-ig) for 14 days. The Rutin50+5-FU and Rutin100+5-FU groups were injected ig 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg of the Rutin for 14 days, respectively. These groups were injected single dose of 5-FU(50 mg/kg) in the 11th days of Rutin application. The Rutin 100 group was given Rutin(100 mg/kg-ig) for 14 days. In the end of experimental application recorded to ECGs of the rats. 5-FU administration rats were observed that it was caused sinus tachycardia and ST elevation. Also, in the 5-FU group QRS segment was shorter and the duration and amplitude of the P was different from other groups. In both doses of Q and Rutin were prevented these changes and our findings were seen the consistent with the literature.

The Effects of Rosmarinus officinalis L. Aqueous Extracts on Gastric Acid Secretion in Isolated Rats Stomach. Volkan Gelen, Emin Sengül, Fikret Çelebi, D.Ali Cınar. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Atatürk, Erzurum, Turkey Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Rosemary) has been shown to have antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory and antiulces activites in different conditions.The present work was performed to investigate the possible effects of rosemary aqueous extracts on gastric acid secretion in isolated rats stomach.The stomachs of adult male Sprague‐Dawley rats were removed.The stomach was placed in a 20‐ml organ bath containing a serosal nutrient solution.Gastric acid secretion was measured from mucosal content in the isolated rat stomach.The results obtained in vitro experiments showed that doses of 300 µg/ml, 600 µg/ml and 1200 µg/ml of rosemary aqueous extracts have increased basal gastric acid secretion (except, 150 µg/ml).The present results suggest that rosemary may has a relieving effect on indigestion, probably due to increasing basal gastric acid secretion.

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The effect of rutin on overactive contractility of bladder smooth muscle in the model of cyclophosphamide‐induced cystitis in rats Fikret Çelebi, D.Ali Cınar, Emin Sengül, Volkan Gelen. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Atatürk, Erzurum, Turkey Cyclophosphamide (CYP) is a widely used chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of cancer and renal disease.However, CYP often leads to hemorrhagic cystitis. Hemorrhagic cystitis increases the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous contractions in the bladder muscles. A flavonoid derivative, rutin, has been reported to have antimicrobial, antihepatotoxic, antiviral, and anti‐hypertensives effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of rutin, which is known to have a potent antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory effect, on bladder smooth muscle contractility in a cyclophosphamide (CYP)‐induced cystitis rat model. 24 adult female Sprague Dawley rats (200‐250 g) were used throughout experiments. Rats were divided into four groups (1: control, 2: CYP, 3: routine and 4: routine + CYP ). Bladder smooth muscle strips isolated from groups, were placed in isolated organ bath. Contraction response curves of smooth muscles of the bladder induced by ACh (10‐4M) and KCl (60 mM), and spontaneous contractions of smooth muscles of the bladder obtained. The amplitüde and frequency of conrtactions were higher in CYP induced cystitis group than control group (p< 0,05). Group 4 (routine + CYP ) has lower amplitüde and frequency than CYP induced cystitis group (p< 0,05).As a result of this study, the spasmolytic effect of the rutin was found on bladder smooth muscle contractility in a cyclophosphamide (CYP)‐induced cystitis rat model.