Few types of blood exposures have been assessed in relation to incident HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa, despite evidence that penile-vaginal sex cannot account for the epidemic in the region. To investigate correlates of incident HIV infection in Calabar, Nigeria, we surveyed clients at voluntary HIV counselling and testing centres. Participating clients who tested multiple times were generally similar to those testing only once in terms of demographic characteristics, sexual and blood exposures and HIV prevalence. Blood exposures were common. Serial testers had a 10% annual incidence of HIV infection. Seroconverters and seronegative serial testers were similar on most demographic characteristics and sexual exposures. However, seroconverters were more likely than seronegatives to report blood exposures during the test interval, both for most specific exposures as well as summary measures of blood exposures. In particular, seroconverters were substantially more likely to report one of a set of blood exposures that cannot be explained as a consequence of unprotected vaginal sex or of health care for symptoms of HIV infection (adjusted odds ratio = 6.6, 95% confidence interval = 1.2-38). The study design we used is an inexpensive approach for describing the local epidemiology of HIV transmission and can also serve as the foundation for more definitive investigations that employ contact tracing and sequencing of HIV DNA.

Background: Infertility is a major clinico-social problem not only in Nigeria; but the whole of the sub-saharan Africa and other parts of the world. In Nigeria it accounts for over 50% of attendance in Gynaecological clinics. Hysterosalpingography (HSG) is still a very valuable imaging modality in the work-up of women with infertility; especially in some communities in Nigeria where modern non-invasive diagnostic modalities are not readily available in most of the health institutions.Aims and Objectives: The study aims at evaluating the HSG findings among women with infertility to further highlight the relevance of this imaging modality in the management of infertility.Materials and Methods: A retrospective review of 205 consecutive Hysterosalpingograms from the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital between October 2013 and September 2015 was done. The Radiological findings and demographic data of the patients were documented and analyzed.Results: Pathologies were reported on 176 (85.8%) Hysterosalpingograms while 29 (14.14%) were normal. The age range of the patients was between 21 and 55 years and the commonest age group was 31 – 35 years. The commonest pathological findings were in the uterus; namely uterine fibroids, 86 (41.95%), uterine synaechiae, 19 (9.26%), Asherman syndrome and congenital abnormalities, 5 each (2.43%). The next commonest pathologies were those associated with tubal occlusionsConclusion: Hysterosalpingography still plays a major investigative role in the evaluation and management of women with infertility. The commonest abnormalities seen in this study were in the uterus.Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.7(5) 2016 70-74

IntroductionCases of conjoined twins occur so rarely that it is important to learn as much as possible from each case.Case presentationWe present a case of 9-hour-old, female, Nigerian dicephalus parapagus conjoined twins discordant for anencephaly diagnosed only after the birth of the twins. The anencephalic twin was stillborn while the normal one died within 9 hours of birth from cardiopulmonary failure.ConclusionMany congenital defects of interest can now be detected before birth. A severe lesion such as that found in our index case, which is incompatible with postnatal life, requires counselling. If detected early enough during a properly monitored antenatal care, it may indicate termination of pregnancy.

No abstract

Background of Study: Radiation protection is of core importance in radiodiagnostic centres, to keep both patients care givers and staff of the centres from stochastic and non- stochastic effects of radiation. The effectiveness and protectiveness of aprons are of valuable importance, it is therefore necessary to assess these aprons to ensure efficacy. Such quality checks have not been reported in the South – South region of Nigeria. Aim: To assess in terms of their quality and therefore protective features, the lead aprons in used radiology clinics in the South-South region of Nigeria. Method: Twenty two protective lead aprons from 18 radiological clinics in South-South Nigeria were directly exposed to X-rays with average factors of 70 ± 5kVp, 16 mAs and 100 cm Source to apron distance, with 43 x 35 cm cassettes places underneath to cover the upper (thoracic half) and the lower (abdominal half) respectively. Exposed films were processed in each centre following regular processing protocols to obtain radiographs with images of the state of the aprons. The images were analyzed on the basis of each apron’s lead equivalence (content), age, brand and the type of defects observed. Defects were characterized into cracks, tears, splits and rips. Physical examination for cleanliness, wear and tear was also carried out. Results: Results showed that 68% of all the aprons under study were defective, having cracks (44%), tears (33%), splits (15%) and/or rips (8%). About 73 % of the defective aprons had more than one (1) type of defect. Up to 87% of the defective aprons had no inherent lead equivalence and manufacturer identification indicated on them. It was observed that about 73% of these defects occurred in aprons of aged between 1-10 years with the area affected in the range of 1.00 – 1000.00 mm2 . Conclusion: Over two-thirds (⅔) of lead aprons found in diagnostic radiology centres in South – South Nigeria, have shown sufficient evidence of defects to suggest that they may not be useful for radiation protection of the users.