Mulberry (Morus spp. L., Moraceae) fruits, leaves, bark and branch have been used in traditional medicine as diuretic, hypoglycemic and hypotensive. The mechanism of their effects is correlated with the content of active components. Objective of this work was to evaluate and compare antioxidant properties of different extracts of two Morus species growing in Serbia: Morus alba L. (white mulberry) and Morus nigra L. (black mulberry). Potential antioxidant activity, content of antioxidant compounds (phenolics and flavonoids) and radical scavenging capacity, tested by DPPH method, were evaluated. The phenolic and flavonoid composition of different Morus extracts was determined by the HPLC method. The extracts prepared from fruits, leaves and roots of M. alba and M. nigra exhibited different characteristics. The highest extraction yield was achieved by M. alba leaves extraction (23.40%). M. nigra roots extract shown the highest total phenolics (186.30 mg CAE/g), while highest total flavonoids content (67.37 mg RE/g) was determined for M. nigra leaves extracts. In addition, black mulberry leaves extracts with the highest antioxidant activity had the highest phenolic acids contents. The dominant phenolic components in the samples were rutin and chlorogenic acid. All investigated mulberry dry extracts shown high content of phenolic compounds and significant antioxidant activity. This work contributes to knowledge of the antioxidant properties of Morus species. The obtained results may be useful in the evaluation of new dietary supplements and food products
Furocoumarins are a group of naturally occurring oxygen heterocyclic compounds synthesized by different plants (mainly Citrus species). They have several physiological effects, e.g. photoreactivity and inhibition of intestinal and liver drug metabolism, which imply the need to control their concentration in products intended for human use. We tested different sample preparation approaches and LC with different detection modes:
UV, APCI-MS/MS and ESI-MS/MS for the determination of bergapten (BGPT) and bergamottin (BGMT) in different samples of beverages and cosmetics. Direct injection of sample solutions was applicable only for essential oils, while liquid-liquid extraction proved to be timeconsuming and unsuitable for our samples. Solid-phase extraction with a preconcentration factor of 20 yielded repeatable recoveries for aqueous solutions (97.4% for BGPT, 64.6% for BGMT) and the concentration range was > 0.1 mg/l for UV detection and 2-1000 mg/l for MS/MS detection. Results of sample analysis indicated some problems connected both to detection and the extraction. The standard addition method for quanti¼cation yielded the most reliable results. CopyrightSemi-solid samples were weighted (3-4 g), suspended in deionized water (100 ml) and ¼ltered prior to SPE through wide-pore Figure 3. Chromatograms of diluted (1:100) essential oil of bergamot peel (C. bergamia): (a) ESI-MS detection, total ion current; (b) UV detection at 310 nm; (c) ESI-MS detection, extracted ion at m/z 217. Peak assignments: 1, bergapten; 2, bergamottin; N, identified from its mas spectrum as citropten. au, absorbance unit; cps, counts per second
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