Orchids are among the most commercialized flowers in the market of potted plants, cut flowers, and landscaping, making necessary studies that allow the optimization of its cultivation. One of the most important aspects for success in production areas is the use of quality seedlings, which requires the use of an appropriate substrate with appropriate physical, chemical, and biological properties to the species. Thus, this review aimed to report the importance and diversity of substrates used for producing epiphytic orchids. Several substrates have been studied for the cultivation of epiphytic orchids, among which can be cited coconut fiber and powder, pine bark, coffee husk, carbonized rice husk, almond bark, sugarcane bagasse, charcoal, vermiculite, S-10 Beifort®, among others, which provided satisfactory results in the production of seedlings and development of orchid plants. Studies with the substrates are directed to the ecologically correct cultivation and the rational use of agroindustrial residues available in each region in order to reduce their volume in the environment, in addition to allowing the adequacy in production costs.
RESUMO -O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de crioprotetores na criopreservação de sementes de Cattleya granulosa Lindl. Foi utilizado delineamento inteiramente casualizado com um controle e cinco tratamentos com 10 repetições. Os tratamentos foram: C-controle (sem solução crioprotetora); T1-glicerol; T2-sacarose; T3-glicerol+sacarose; T4-PVS2 (Plant vitrification solution) e T5-PVS2+1% de floroglucinol. As sementes foram imersas em nitrogênio líquido a -196 ºC. Após 15 dias, foram retiradas do nitrogênio. Uma parte foi submetida ao teste de tetrazólio para avaliar a viabilidade do embrião e outra foi semeada em frascos de vidro contendo meio de cultura para germinação in vitro. A germinação das sementes foi avaliada após 60 dias por meio da formação de protocormos. Aos 180 dias, foi avaliada a altura das plântulas e massa seca. As sementes conservadas em PVS2 e PVS2 + floroglucinol foram as que apresentaram maior viabilidade após a criopreservação, com 59% e 60% respectivamente.Palavras-chave: conservação, Orchidaceae, vitrificação ABSTRACT -Seed cryopreservation of the endangered Brazilian orchid Cattleya granulosa Lindl. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of cryoprotectants in cryopreservation of the orchid Cattleya granulosa Lindl. The experimental design was completely randomized with six treatments and 10 replicates: T1 -without cryoprotective solution; T2-glycerol; T3-sucrose; T4-glycerol + sucrose; T5-PVS2; and T6-PVS2 + 1% phloroglucinol. The seeds were treated with cryoprotectant solutions and immersed in liquid nitrogen at -196 °C. After 15 days, they were removed from the nitrogen and one part was subjected to the tetrazolium test to assess the viability of the embryo, and another was placed in vials for in vitro germination. Seed germination was measured after 60 days by the frequency of protocorm formation. After 180 days we evaluated seedling height and dry mass. The seeds stored in PVS2 and PVS2 + phloroglucinol for 10 minutes at 0°C showed the greatest viability after cryopreservation with 59.56% and 60.10%, respectively.
Effect of Glyphosate on in vitro culture of Cattleya nobilior Rchb. FAmong the techniques used by biotechnology for multiplication of orchid seedlings, the in vitro cultivation stands out due to the high production potential of new seedlings. The presence of some chemical substances used in the culture medium, depending on the concentration, may or may not favor the growth and development of the plant. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of glyphosate on the in vitro cultivation of the orchid Cattleya nobilior Rchb. F. The experimental design was completely randomized, with six treatments and ten replications. The treatments consisted of six concentrations of glyphosate (0.0, 8.5, 17.0, 25.5, 34.0, and 42.5 mg L -1 a.i.), added to the modified MS culture medium with half the concentrations of macronutrients. Seedlings subjected to different glyphosate concentrations were obtained from seeds germinated in vitro. The length and dry biomass measurements of the shoot and root, number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width, number of shoots, chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoid contents were performed 200 days after transplanting of the seedlings. Among the phytometric components analyzed, only the length and dry biomass of root and the carotenoid content decreased with increasing doses of the glyphosate herbicide. Low concentrations of glyphosate added to the culture medium result in hormese effect, with increased growth of Cattleya nobilior Rchb. F. shoot.Keywords: hormone; micropropagation; Orchidaceae. RESUMO ABSTRACTEfeito do Glifosato no cultivo in vitro de Cattleya nobilior Rchb. F
Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto (Open Access) sob a licença Creative Commons Attribution, que permite uso, distribuição e reprodução em qualquer meio, sem restrições desde que o trabalho original seja corretamente citado. Manejo da solução nutritiva sobre a qualidade pós-colheita de tomate salada fertirrigado em areia Management of the nutrient solution for postharvest quality of tomatoes with fertigation in sandResumo O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de manejos e concentrações da solução nutritiva em fertirrigação, em cultivo protegido, sobre a qualidade pós-colheita de tomate de mesa. Os tratamentos consistiram do manejo da solução nutritiva, tendo como base a condutividade elétrica (CE) e a concentração individual de íons (CI) do lixiviado, nas concentrações iniciais de 1,6 e 3,2 dS m -1 . Os frutos foram avaliados quanto aos teores de macrominerais, sólidos solúveis totais (SST), vitamina C, compostos fenólicos totais, flavonoides totais e compostos antioxidantes. Os teores de N, P e S foram maiores no manejo da solução nutritiva com base na CI, independentemente da concentração inicial de íons. Os teores de K e Ca apresentaram efeitos da interação entre a forma de manejo e a concentração de íons, enquanto o teor de Mg não foi influenciado pelos fatores estudados. O teor de vitamina C e a atividade antioxidante foram maiores no manejo da solução com base em CE, enquanto o teor de fenóis e flavonoides foi maior no manejo da solução com base em CI. O tipo de manejo e a concentração da solução nutritiva em fertirrigação afetam a qualidade pós-colheita de frutos de tomate. Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.; Fertirrigação; Minerais; Fenóis; Flavonoides; Antioxidantes. Palavras-chave: AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the management of the nutrient solution concentrations used in the fertigation of table tomatoes cultivated in a protected environment, on postharvest quality. The treatments consisted of managing the nutrient solution based on the electrical conductivity (EC) and individual ionic concentrations (IC) in the leached solution at the levels of 1.6 and 3.2 dS m -1 . The fruits were evaluated for their macromineral contents, total soluble solids (TSS), vitamin C, total phenols, flavonoids and antioxidants. The N, P and S contents were higher for management of the nutrient solution based on the IC, regardless of the initial ion concentrations. The K and Ca contents showed interaction effects between the forms of management and ion concentrations, while the Mg content was not influenced by the factors studied. The vitamin C content and antioxidant activity were higher for management of the solution based on EC, while total phenols and flavonoids were greater for management based on IC. The type of management and the nutrient solution concentration used in fertigation affect the postharvest quality of tomato fruits. Keywords
The damping off is the main disease that affects the beet crop during the seedling production. The aim of this study was to evaluate different salicylic acid (SA) concentrations for resistance induction against damping-off in beet seedling and its antifungal activity against Fusarium sp., in vitro condition. Treatment of beet seed was with SA solution by immersion during 5 minutes in the 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mM concentrations and control (distilled water). It was used four replications with 20 cells by experimental unit. The experiment was carried out for 14 days in cultivate chamber with temperature (23 o C ± 2°C), lighting (12 hours photoperiod) and humidity (70% ± 10%) controlled. After this time, the germination, damping off incidence, seedling length and fresh mass matter weight were evaluated. It was evaluated also in the seedling tissue the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), β-1.3 glucanase and chitinase level enzymes. In the in vitro the SA was putted in PDA (potato-dextrose-agar) medium, where the Fusarium sp. mycelial growth was evaluated. The SA applied for seeds treatment didn't had effect significant on damping off of beet seedlings, but it induced the activity of β-1.3 glucanase enzyme, it being this higher in nine times when compared the treatment control. The SA acted in the Fusarium sp. in vitro control with fungitoxic action, suppressed mycelial growth in 28% if compared to control. Key words: Beta vulgaris L, elicitor, induced resistance, protein-PR ResumoO tombamento de plântulas é a principal doença que afeta a cultura da beterraba no processo de produção de mudas. Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar diferentes concentrações de ácido salicílico (AS) na indução de resistência ao tombamento de plântulas de beterraba e a atividade antifúngica contra Fusarium sp., in vitro. O tratamento das sementes de beterraba foi realizado com imersão em solução de AS nas concentrações de 0,5; 1,0; 1,5 e 2,0 mM e a testemunha (água destilada sementes, incidência de tombamento, comprimento de plântula e massa da matéria fresca. Foi também avaliada nos tecidos das plântulas a atividade das enzimas fenilalanina amônia-liase (FAL), β-1,3-glucanase e quitinase. No experimento in vitro o AS foi incorporado ao meio BDA (batata-dextrose e ágar) e avaliado o crescimento micelial de Fusarium sp. A aplicação de AS em tratamento de sementes não atuou significativamente sobre o tombamento de plântulas de beterraba, mas induziu a atividade da enzima β-1,3-glucanase, sendo esta aumentada em nove vezes em relação à testemunha. O AS atuou no controle de Fusarium sp, in vitro com ação fungitóxica, com supressão do crescimento micelial em 28% se comparado à testemunha. Palavras-chave: Beta vulgaris L, eliciador, indutor de resistência, proteína-RP
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