Background: Pregnancy Induced Hypertension (PIH) control among pregnant women emerge to be complicated to accomplish. Part of the main reason for poor control of hypertension is inadequate knowledge, practices and attitude towards PIH. It is one of the main causes of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality globally, especially in the developing nations. This was an assessment done towards understanding the management of PIH in Mashonaland Central. Objective: To assess knowledge, attitude and practices of pregnant women towards PIH. Methodology: Mixed methods approach which includes both quantitative and qualitative research fundamentals was used. Mothers with PIH, who visit health facility at 3 and 7 days and at 6 weeks were selected as the case group and mothers without PIH who visit health facility were the control group. A minimum sample of 217 cases and 217 controls was used. Interviews were conducted after ethical approval by the research bodies and after the women consented. Women within the age group of 18-49 years who were diagnosed with PIH during pregnancy and may still have PIH after delivery (March 2020 to December 2020) and women without PIH (n=217) from the same period were the research participants. Four focus group discussions (FGDs), each with 8 participants, were also held. The women were interviewed after ethical approval by the research bodies and after the women consented. Detailed notes were taken during the interviews which were also audiotaped. The results were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) was used to determine the odds ratios and significant difference among the cases and the control groups. Results: Themes identified were demographic data of participants in relation to the development of PIH, and knowledge on PIH among pregnant women. Being in the age group 18-20 years had a statistically significant negative and defensive effect against development of PIH. The likelihood of being a PIH case increased with age. Participants in the age group of 41 and above are 4.503 times likely to develop PIH in comparison to other age groups (O.R=4.503; 95% C.L=1.780-11392). Having only primary education increased the odd of being a PIH case by 78%. Participants who were in the apostolic sect were 52.130 times likely to developed PIH and this was significantly higher than other religions and statistically significant at p<0.05. Being self-employed can have a positive significant association with the development of PIH. Majority 182 (84%), among cases and 146 (67.3%) among controls were not aware of the signs and symptoms of PIH respectively. Majority of participants among the cases, 165 (76%) and 155 (71.4%) among the control group were not aware of the prevention of PIH complications. Of the cases 143 (65.9%) agree that PIH can cause the death or serious illness of a pregnant mother if it is not managed. Conclusion:The study recommends training of health care providers on culture specific measures to manage PIH, decentralization of health centres to improve health...
Background:There is no single definition of PIH as well as its management. As a result, many approaches have been introduced such as Non-Pharmacological and Pharmacological. Despite the ambiguity of definition of PIH and its management, understanding it is crucial in the reduction of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Methodology/methods: Walker and Avant's framework was used to analyze the concept and the related literature published between 1990 and 2019 was reviewed. A systematic review of a total of 66 papers was done. Articles that had information on PIH and its management were reviewed. Results: The main antecedents of PIH were identified which are, stressors in the environment which may be physiological, psychological or socio-cultural, patient's age is also included, number of pregnancies, the educational level, religion,and employment. They may also include maternal characteristics such as anaemia, cardiovascular conditions, endocrine disorders such as diabetes mellitus. Enviromental characteristics for example, presence of services as well as distance, accessibity of the health care, cost of health care services, staffing and staff attitudes and cultural practices. Conclusion:A full understanding of the concept of PIH management will help in standardization of tools used to measure and monitor PIH management with the intention of curbing effects of PIH. A framework for the management of PIH will enhance transparency in reporting PIH management.
The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between HIV status disclosure and social support among people living with HIV and AIDS aged 18 to 64 years at Bindura Provincial Hospital OI/ART clinic. Descriptive Correlational design was used. A sample size of 236 respondents were chosen into the study using the simple random sampling technique with a rotary method. Data were collected using interviewer-administered questionnaire for a period of four weeks. Statistical software Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyse data. Results revealed that 138 (58, 5%) respondents disclosed their HIV sero positive status and hundred nigh teen (86%) respondents received social support. Pearson correlation coefficient (r=.815;p<.01) showed a statistically significant strong positive relationship. Social support had an impact of 66, 4% on HIV status disclosure (R 2. 664) . . HIV disclosure services should be strengthened in order to promote disclosure among people living with HIV and AIDS.
Pregnancy Induced Hypertension is a pattern of high blood pressure during pregnancy. It is one of the major causes of maternal mortality and neonatal morbidity in the world, contributing about 5-14% of pregnant women globally (Arshad et al., 2014). In Zimbabwe, despite the availability of guidelines for PIH management, PIH still contribute about 19.4% (Muti et al., 2015) more than global statistics. For this reason, this study sought to assess barriers to PIH management and possible solutions or strategies. The strategies will help to curb both maternal and neonatal mortality. The study employed descriptive qualitative design. Focus group discussions (FGDs), each with 8 participants, were held in Bindura District and Bindura provincial Hospital. Women diagnosed with PIH, in age group 18 to 49 years were included in the study and these were able to speak Shona or English. Approval was obtained from respective ethical review boards. FGDs followed a semi-structured questionnaire. Comprehensive notes were taken during the interviews which were also being audiotaped. Data were analyzed thematically and manually. Themes identified were barriers and possible solutions to PIH management. Barriers were poor cultural practices, religious practices, employment and use of herbs. Possible solutions were to develop culture-specific health education and interventions to improve health seeking behavior of PIH patients and to reduce adverse perinatal outcomes. Husbands as family heads to be actively involved in the management of PIH and accompanying their wives to the hospital. This is critical in improving ANC visits and general management of PIH among pregnant women.
Pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) is a type of increased blood pressure in pregnancy and it continues to be one of the most important cause of mortality and morbidity amongst pregnant women in Zimbabwe, but to date the actual aetiology of PIH remains unidentified. There is no specific indicator for PIH in terms of prevalence and its outcomes and nothing has been done to revise the current management framework of PIH in Zimbabwe. The purpose of this study is to determine knowledge gaps in the management of PIH in order to come up with a PIH Management Framework in Zimbabwe. Mixed sequential dominant status design (QUAN/qual) will be used at six health centres in Mashonaland Central Province. Consecutive sampling will be used. A 1:1 matched case control study will be used in six health facilities in Bindura District as well as Bindura Provincial Hospital in quantitative phase and descriptive qualitative design in qualitative phase with 9 focus group discussions (FGDs) and 8 key informant interviews (KIIs). A case will be a mother with PIH and who visit health facility at 3 and 7 days and at 6 weeks. A control will be mothers without PIH who visit health facility at 3 and 7 days and at 6 weeks. A minimum sample of 217 cases and 217 controls will be used. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 will be used. Quantitative information will be presented and analysed mostly using ANOVA and all test will be performed at 95% (P<0.05) confidence level to determine the significant difference between PIH and perinatal outcomes. Qualitative data will follow mainly a thematic data analysis and presentation model.
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