In our study we assessed the frequency of reported hopelessness and suicide attempts in the national representative survey Hungarostudy 2002. The randomly selected sample consisted of 14,000 individuals over the age of 18. We created a short version of the widely used Beck Hopelessness Scale for screening purposes in suicide prevention. The short version of the BHS consists of four items and has high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.85). Moreover, we conducted an investigation into psychological, somatic, sociological and socio-economic as well as cultural variables that show a positive or negative correlation with hopelessness and important predictors of suicide. The following psychological variables showing a positive correlation with hopelessness were identified: dysfunctional attitudes, exhaustion, psychological distress, hostility, lack of life goals and inability to cope emotionally. Sense of coherence, social support, perceived self-efficiency, subjective well-being and problem-solving coping showed a negative correlation with hopelessness. Concerning the relationship between hopelessness and suicide attempts, we found that participants who attempted suicide in the last year scored higher (mean = 4.86) than participants who attempted suicide more than 3 years ago (mean = 3.57). These results indicate that applying the short version of the BHS could be very useful in general practice and in psychiatric care.
IntroductionStress de ned in terms of perceptions of uncontrollability and unpredictability has been one of the central issues in behavioural medicine, partly because of its negative impact on physical and mental health [1]. Though recent studies have underlined the e ects of stress on brain functioning, stress-related changes in cognitive processes of emotion regulation have been under-investigated [2].Emotion regulation has been de ned as the physiological, motivational, behavioural, and cognitive processes responsible for monitoring, evaluating, and modifying emotional reactions in order to accomplish one's goals [3], and has been considered to be important for understanding the onset, maintenance, and treatment of anxiety disorders (see [4] for review).Cognitive regulation of emotion refers to conscious cognitive methods of emotion regulation including attentional and evaluative processes [5,6]. A possible way to characterize cognitive strategies of emotion regulation is in terms of the involvement of the executive functions [7,8]. Executive cognitive emotion regulation, e.g. reappraisal, implies the use of higher cognitive processes such as mental set-shifting, evaluation, planning, working memory, and information updating and monitoring, whereas non-executive cognitive strategies, such as rumination, are associated with deficits in executive functions, e.g. attentional in exibility or inhibitory de cits [8]. For example, reappraisal was shown to be associated with enhanced a ective exibility [9], interference resolution [10], and working memory capacity [11], while rumination was associated with decreased cognitive exibility [12] and internal shifting impairments in working memory [13].Converging results have revealed that negative emotional states are strongly related to the excessive use of non-executive cognitive emotion regulation strategies, particularly rumination, catastrophizing, and self-blame.Low use of executive strategies, such as positive reappraisal, has also been found to be connected to psychopathology [e.g. 14-17], as well as to negative emotional states such as irritability and anger [18].Executive functions depend on the structural and functional integrity of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) [19], which guides emotions and behaviour through projections to subcortical regions like the hypothalamus and the amygdala [20]. Under safe conditions, the amygdala, which has been suggested to serve as a rapid detector of potential threats, is under tonic inhibitory control by the PFC.Under stressful conditions, critical areas of the PFC become hypoactive, resulting in a hyperactivation of the amygdala, which leads to the evocation of adaptive fear responses, but might also lead to chronic threat perception and sustained fear in unpredictable conditions (see [21] for review). Recent research in animal modelsdemonstrates that exposure to stress is regulation has yet to be investigated. The present study explores the possible role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies in mediating the well-establishe...
Mutations in the mitochondrial genome can impair normal metabolic function in the central nervous system (CNS) where cellular energy demand is high. Primary mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations have been linked to several mitochondrial disorders that have comorbid psychiatric, neurologic, and cognitive sequelae. Here, we present a series of cases with primary mtDNA mutations who were genotyped and evaluated across a common neuropsychological battery. Nineteen patients with mtDNA mutations were genotyped and clinically and cognitively evaluated. Pronounced deficits in nonverbal/visuoperceptual reasoning, verbal recall, semantic word generativity, and processing speed were evident and consistent with a "mitochondrial dementia" that has been posited. However, variation in cognitive performance was noteworthy, suggesting that the phenotypic landscape of cognition linked to primary mtDNA mutations is heterogeneous. Our patients with mtDNA mutations evidenced cognitive deficits quite similar to those commonly seen in Alzheimer's disease and could have clinical relevance to the evaluation of dementia.
The aims of this study were to gain a better understanding of adverse life events connected with the development of schizotypal personality traits and, also, to examine whether subclinical schizotypy has a relationship with vulnerability to traumatic intrusions and avoidance. In a cross-sectional design, 198 undergraduate students completed the Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences (O-LIFE), the Impact of Event Scale (IES), and Paykel's Life Events Scale, together with other relevant scales. The number of adverse life events was significantly related to overall schizotypy measured by O-LIFE scores and positive schizotypy measured by the Unusual Experiences (UnEx) subscale. The subjective severity of life events was significantly related to Cognitive Disorganization (CogDis). Measures of positive schizotypy (UnEx and CogDis) were significantly related to the scores on the IES and on the intrusion and avoidance subscales, too. Adverse life events are associated with schizotypal personality traits, which contribute to a tendency for traumatic intrusions, even in a nonpatient sample.
Bevezetés: Az egészségügyi szakdolgozók körében a depresszió és a kiégés előfordulása magas, ugyanakkor megelő-zésükről kevés magyarországi kutatási adat áll rendelkezésre. Célkitűzés: A tanulmány a megküzdési stratégiák mediáló szerepét vizsgálja a munkahelyi stressz, a depresszió és a kiégés viszonylatában. Módszer: Keresztmetszeti vizsgálat 1333 egészségügyi szakdolgozó bevonásával. A résztvevők validált önkitöltős kérdőívek segítségével ítélték meg munkahelyi stresszterheltségüket, kiégettségüket, a depressziós tünetek jelenlétét, valamint megküzdésistratégia-preferenciáikat. Az elemzés strukturális egyenletmodellezéssel történt. Eredmények: A súlyos depresszió prevalenciája 5,6%-os volt. A minta csaknem 50%-a súlyos személyes teljesítménycsökkenésről számolt be. A munkahelyi stressz közvetlenül és közvetetten -a megküzdési stratégiák mediálása által -is előre jelezte a kiégést, illetve a depressziós panaszokat. A megküzdési stratégiák közül a problémahelyzetek reális szemléletét erősítő kognitív átstrukturálás csökkentette a kiégés és depressziós tünetek megjelenésének valószínűségét. Következtetések: A vizsgálat új adatokkal szolgál kognitív szempontú intervenciós stratégiák tervezéséhez, valamint kiemeli a megküzdési stratégiák jelentő-ségét a depresszió és a kiégés megelőzésében. Orv. Hetil., 2013, 154, 449-454. Kulcsszavak: munkahelyi stressz, megküzdési mechanizmusok, kiégés, depresszió, egészségügyi szakdolgozók Coping with work-related stress in health care professionals -strategies for prevention of burnout and depressionBackground: The prevalence of depression and burnout among health care professionals is high in Hungary. However, there is limited empirical data on disease prevention among these populations. Aims: This study aims at evaluating the mediating role of coping mechanisms in preventing depression and burnout. Methods: Cross-sectional survey among 1333 health care professionals. Participants completed self-administered questionnaires about their perception of work stress, burnout and depressive symptoms, as well as their preferred coping strategies. Analyses were performed using structural equation modelling. Results: The prevalence of severe depression and lack of personal accomplishment was 5.6% and nearly 50%, respectively. Work stress predicted symptoms of burnout and depression both directly and indirectly through the mediation by coping strategies. Of the coping strategies, cognitive restructuring, which accentuates the realistic assessment of challenging situations, was found to reduce the probability of the development of burnout and depression symptoms. Conclusions: This study provides further data for the development of cognitive interventional strategies and highlights the signifi cance of these strategies in the prevention of depression and burnout among Hungarian health care professionals. Orv. Hetil., 2013, 154, 449-454.
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