China is the world’s largest rice producer. Thus, the stability of rice production plays a decisive role in food security. Among the types of rice, double rice (including early rice and late rice) accounts for the largest proportion of rice in China. Climate change is widely expected to affect rice yields. Studying the response of double rice yield to climate change will benefit strategic decisions related to future crop adaptation. In this paper, the relationship between climate factors and the yield of double rice during 1992–2013 in south China was analysed to determine the responses of double rice yield to climate change. The results showed that the daily average air temperature during the early rice and late rice growing seasons increased by 0.34 °C and 0.68 °C, 0.29 °C and 0.67 °C, and 0.11 °C and 0.31 °C per 10-year period in the northern subtropical zone (NST), middle subtropical zone (MST) and south subtropical zone (SST), respectively, in the last 20 years. The change trend in solar radiation was not obvious, but it fluctuated greatly. A 1 °C increase in average air temperatures decreased early rice yield by 5.36% and 2.16% in SST and MST, respectively; decreased late rice yield by 0.75% and 1.43% in MST and NST, respectively; and increased late rice yield by 3.93% in SST. A solar radiation increases of 100 MJ m−2 increased early rice yield by 1.02%, 1.54% and 1.71% in SST, MST and NST, respectively, and decreased late rice yield by 0.89% in SST. We found that annual average temperatures of 17.3 °C and 18.6 °C were the early rice and late rice yield variation thresholds, respectively; in addition, above the background temperature in south China, the early rice yield will decrease and the late rice yield will increase.
Understanding soil bacterial diversity under global warming is necessary because of its crucial role in soil nitrogen cycling. However, the interaction effect of warmer temperatures and nitrogen application on bacterial communities in the soils of winter wheat fields is unclear. In this study, the air temperature was increased with infrared heating, and this heating treatment was combined with nitrogen fertilizer application. The two-year continuous temperature increase significantly decreased the soil’s pH and nitrate nitrogen content, but significantly increased the content of soil available nutrients. Warming changed the community structure of the soil bacteria, and significantly increased the bacterial richness and diversity by 17.77% and 3.52%, respectively. The changes in the physical and chemical properties of the soil caused by the increased nighttime temperature decreased the percentage abundance of Pseudomonadota, which is the largest bacterial phylum, and plays an important role in the global carbon, sulfur, and nitrogen cycles. The structural equation model demonstrated that the influence of soil temperature on bacterial diversity was mediated through soil moisture. Nitrogen application rate directly affected soil bacterial diversity and was the most significant parameter influencing bacterial diversity.
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