Currently, all second-generation antipsychotics are approved for schizophrenia. Many are also approved for bipolar disorder, with some also approved as adjunctive treatment for depression and autism-related irritability. Second-generation antipsychotics are increasingly being prescribed for indications other than those approved by the Food and Drug Administration, such as in dementia, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder to name a few. Obsessive–compulsive and related disorders are a group of disorders characterized by preoccupation and repetitive behaviors. According to the latest edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, obsessive–compulsive disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, trichotillomania, hoarding disorder, and excoriation, the latter two being newly designated disorders, fall under obsessive–compulsive and related disorders. Due to a lack of well designed clinical studies specifically addressing the use of second-generation antipsychotics in obsessive–compulsive and related disorders, it is unknown whether these agents are clinically beneficial. Current research describing the pathophysiology of these disorders shows the involvement of similar brain regions and neurotransmitters across the five obsessive–compulsive and related disorders. Despite differences in the receptor binding profiles, second-generation antipsychotics share many common pharmacodynamics properties. This review sought to examine all the published reports of second-generation antipsychotics being used in the management of symptoms of the aforementioned diseases and compile evidence for clinicians who encounter patients who are unresponsive to standard treatment.
This study explores
a novel approach of multiscale modeling and
simulation to characterize the filtration behavior of a facepiece
in varied particulate conditions. Sequential multiscale modeling was
performed for filter media, filtering facepiece, and testing setup.
The developed virtual models were validated for their morphological
characteristics and filtration performance by comparing with the data
from the physical experiments. Then, a virtual test was conducted
in consideration of a time scale, simulating diverse particulate environments
with different levels of particle size distribution, particle concentration,
and face velocity. An environment with small particles and high mass
concentration resulted in a rapid buildup of resistance, reducing
the service life. Large particles were accumulated mostly at the entrance
of the filter layer, resulting in a lower penetration and slower buildup
of resistance. This study is significant in that the adopted virtual
approach enables the prediction of filtration behavior and service
life, applying diverse environmental conditions without involving
the costs of extra setups for the physical experiments. This study
demonstrates a novel and economic research method that can be effectively
applied to the research and development of filters.
Since its initial landmark trial against chlorpromazine in 1988, clozapine has been the drug of choice for the treatment of refractory schizophrenia. However, variability in clinical response to clozapine treatment is unequivocal. In an effort to preselect patients who are most likely to benefit from clozapine, a number of patient and disease variables and select genetic differences have been studied for their association with positive treatment response to clozapine. Because of small trial sizes and the heterogeneity of study design, findings have resulted in no generalizable conclusion. Future pharmacogenetic studies hold the promise of antipsychotic treatment personalization.
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