Two studies examined the generalizability of the Problem Solving Inventory (PSI; P. P. Heppner, 1988) through research with Black South African samples. Study 1 examined the generalizability of the factor structure of the PSI through confirmatory factor analysis. Study 2 examined the relationship between problem solving and psychological distress and tested a Problem-Solving Confidence mediational model of psychological distress through structural equation modeling. The estimates of the factor structure as well as other reliability and validity estimates provided strong support for the generalizability of the PSI to South African Black college students. The results also provided partial support for the mediational model of psychological distress.

Extending Lloyd, Schmidt, Khondoker, and Tchanturia (2015), this review and meta-analysis evaluated the effectiveness of randomized controlled trials aimed at reducing perfectionism and associated symptoms of depression and anxiety. Of particular interest was the examination of a moderator of delivery method (face-to-face vs. online) in testing the effectiveness of psychological interventions. Also examined is the effect of two structural moderators (control condition type, sample characteristic). A total of 10 studies were identified (65 perfectionism effect sizes, 8 depression effect sizes, and 8 anxiety effect sizes). Psychological interventions were effective in decreasing perfectionism dimensions, depression, and anxiety with medium effect sizes. There were no significant differences in delivery modality, control condition type, and sample characteristic on effect sizes. Findings suggest that psychological interventions are generally effective in reducing perfectionism, although there is no apparent delineation in increasing "adaptive" perfectionism and decreasing "maladaptive" perfectionism. Although comparable benefits were shown in face-to-face and online intervention delivery modes, we suggest prudently incorporating online interventions into clinical practice. Public Significance StatementThis review and meta-analysis found empirical support for using psychological interventions to reduce perfectionistic tendencies among individuals. Using either face-to-face or online delivery mode yielded comparable benefits in decreasing perfectionism. Incorporating online interventions into clinical practice should be done with prudence and simply substituting face-to-face interventions with online interventions is not recommended.

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