The transboundary river basin is a great challenge for water management and disaster reduction due to its specific characteristics. In this study, upstream impacts from natural and artificial sources on the downstream discharge on the Imjin river basin, the well-known transboundary region in the Korean peninsula, were evaluated using a hydrological model integrating a dam operation module at an hourly timescale. The module uses a concept of the AutoROM method as the operational rule to update the dam storage and decide water release. Dam storages were translated into water levels using a water level–storage curve. To quantify the impact of hydraulic structures on the Northern Imjin river basin, change in discharge was analyzed in four flood events (2009, 2010, 2011, and 2012). Dam failure scenarios were developed under conditions of the 2010 flood event, in which the releases of 100%, 80%, 50%, and 20% of water storage of Hwanggang dam were simulated. The results indicate that the amount of water released from upstream dams is the main cause of floods in the downstream region. To reduce the risk of floods in the downstream river basin, an optimal dam operation module and information on upstream dams play an important role and contribute to the effective use of water resources.

This study investigates the future long-term variation of the runoff coefficient during dry and wet seasons in five major basins in South Korea. The variation is estimated from the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model outputs based on an ensemble of 13 different Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) general circulation models (GCMs) in representative concentration pathway (RCP) 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios. The estimates show a temporal non-considerable increase rate of the runoff coefficient during the 21st century in both RCPs, in which the trend and uncertainty of the runoff coefficient in the dry season is projected as higher than that in the wet season. A sharp contrast between the trends of the two components of the runoff coefficient is found during the dry and wet seasons. Over the five major basins, a higher increase rate of runoff coefficient is projected in the northeastern part of the Han River basin and most of the area of the Nakdong River basin. The spatial variation in the runoff coefficient change also represents a relationship with the change in the percentage of each land cover/land use type over 109 subbasins, where the correlation of the wet-season runoff coefficient is calculated as higher than that of the dry season. This relationship is expected to vary with changes in temperature and precipitation during both seasons in three future periods.

Sea level rise for Vietnam East Sea in the 21 st century was determined under both RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios. Changes in sea level of the Vietnam East Sea due to dynamic and thermosteric processes was estimated using results of different Atmosphere -Ocean General Circulation Model (AOGCMs) under the prescribed method in the IPCC's Fifth Assessment Report (AR5). Changes in sea level due to ice melting and land water storage was determined using a transfer function for global water balance based on the contribution of each sea level rise contributing component for different regions. Changes in sea level as a result of the vertical motion of the Earth's crust due to changes in the Earth's cryosphere was determined using the ICE5G models. The results showed that for the RCP 8.5 scenario, by the end of the 21 st century, the average sea level rise is 76 cm, with estimated values varying between 52 cm and 106 cm at the 5% and 95% confidence intervals, respectively. For the RCP 4.5 scenario, the average sea level rise is 52 cm, with values of 33 cm and 75 cm at the 5% and 95% confidence interval, respectively. The sea level rise scenario determined for the Vietnam East Sea is slightly higher in comparison with the globally estimated results in AR5.

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