Убиквитин-протеасомная система контролирует активность, субклеточную локализацию и стабильность множества клеточных белков, которые влияют на клеточный гомеостаз посредством регуляции сигнальных каскадов. Активность данной системы связана с возникновением и прогрессированием плоскоклеточного рака полости рта, так как специфический протеолиз большинства внутриклеточных протеинов, участвующих в патогенезе рака, происходит с помощью вышеупомянутой системы. В обзорной статье представлены данные о характеристике протеасом и процессе убиквинтирования белковсубстратов. Показана роль убиквитин-протеасомной системы в патогенезе плоскоклеточного рака полости рта, приведены сведения о перспективах использования ее при предраке. Поиск литературы осуществлялся в поисковых системах Medline, Elibrary, Scopus, The Cochrane Library, РИНЦ.Ключевые слова: убиквитин-протеасомная система, плоскоклеточный рак полости рта, протеасома, патогенез.Конфликт интересов. Авторы декларируют отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов, связанных с публикацией настоящей статьи. Источник финансирования. Авторы заявляют об отсутствии финансирования при проведении исследования.
Among diseases of the oral mucosa, lichen planus (LP) is up to 13%. Over the past decade, the number of patients with this dermatosis has doubled. Currently, the etiopathogenetic factor of LP development remains unclear, but there are many theories of the development of this disease. However, in the literature there is no description of a common pathogenetic link. In connection with th e above, the authors believe that these theories can be combined with new scientific facts and ideas about the barrier role of innate, and in particular, mucosal immunity. The review article describes the role of mucosal immunity of mucous membranes - toll-like receptors (TLR), describes the mechanism of activation of the immune system through TLR2 and TLR4, shows the relationship of immune inflammation triggers - the reaction of food intolerance, factors that contribute to the development of hypersensitivity in the pathogenesis of LP. The mechanism is presented for the presentation of autoantigens to immunocompetent cells with the participation of heat shock proteins. The prospects for further study of TLR with the aim of increasing the effectiveness of the treatment of LP are presented.
The prevalence of HPV in potentially malignant diseases of the oral cavity is 22.5%. Different types of HPV are characterized by genotypic variations in the DNA base sequences E6 and E7. It is these genotypic differences that make it possible to divide the oncogenic phenotype of the virus into types of high and low cancer risk. There are local and general risk factors for HPV infection. Local risk factors include poor oral hygiene, the use of complete dentures in combination with old age. A significant correlation between oral hygiene and viral load has been confirmed. This review presents the possible role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the development of potentially malignant diseases and squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity. The epidemiology, risk factors and mechanisms of human papillomavirus infection development are given. Clinical and morphological differences between HPV-positive and HPV-negative forms of oral cancer are considered. The issues of HPV infection prevention and the pathogenetic therapy development of this disease are reviewed. Literature search was carried out in search engines Medline, Elibrary, Scopus, PubMed, The Cochrane Library, RSCI.
Introduction. Identification of persons with a high oncological risk to squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck region is an urgent problem for the early diagnosis of this disease. The activity of circulating proteasomes can be a criterion for predicting the risk of the larynx and oral cavity cancers in patients with precancerous diseases of the upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. The aim of the study is to investigate the chymotrypsin-like and caspase-like activities of circulating serum proteasomes depending on the localization of precancerous and neoplastic diseases of the larynx and oral cavity. Material and Methods. The study population consisted of 35 patients with histologically verified HNSCC (T1-3N0-3M0), 15 patients with chronic hyperplastic laryngitis (CHL) and oral leukoplakia, and 10 healthy volunteers who did not have chronic upper respiratory tract diseases in the acute stage. The median age of the patients was 53 ± 5.3 years. Results. An increase in the studied proteasome activities was found in the blood serum of patients with malignant tumors as compared with patients with chronic hyperplastic diseases associated with precancerous changes, as well as in the larynx and oral cavity cancers groups as compared with healthy donors. At the same time, depending on the localization of the pathological process, it was shown that only the chymotrypsin-like activity of the circulating pool of proteasomes significantly differs both in the groups of oral cancer leukoplakia, and in the groups of laryngeal cancer chronic hyperplastic laryngitis with dysplastic epithelial lesions. In addition, differences were found between chymotrypsin-like and caspase-like activities of circulating serum proteasomes in patients with chronic hyperplastic laryngitis with oral dysplasia and leukoplakia. Conclusion. The results obtained indicate that the determination of the CTp activity of the circulating pool of proteasomes can be used as a criterion for predicting the risk of the larynx and oral cavity cancers in patients with precancerous diseases of the larynx and oral cavity.
BACKGROUND: The annual global oral cancer morbidity is more than 650,000 cases. Between 2007 and 2017 in the Russian Federation, the absolute number of first-ever diagnosed oral cavity malignant neoplasms is constantly increasing. According to many authors, oral squamous cell carcinoma is associated with pre-existing leukoplakia. This disease is the most common and prone to malignant precancerous oral mucosa disease. Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are crucial players in this process. However, the relationship between HPV infection in leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma remains unclear. AIM: To establish the HPV role in the development of leukoplakia and squamous cell carcinoma of the oral mucosa. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 39 patients with verified various forms of oral leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinomas. The squamous cell carcinoma group included 19 patients. The oral leukoplakia group is consisted of 20 patients. The control group of healthy volunteers is represented by 22 patients with clinically healthy oral mucosa. HPV deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was detected and quantified in clinical materials by polymerase chain reaction with hybridization-fluorescence detection AmpliSense HPV HRS screen-titer-FL for HPV types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, and 68 and AmpliSense HPV 6/11-FL for HPV types 6 and 11. RESULTS: HPV types 6 and 11 DNA were isolated in three cases with insignificant clinical disease from 19 samples taken from patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. In groups of leukoplakia and healthy volunteers, no high oncological risk was identified. Despite a HPV-positive expression in squamous cell carcinoma samples is detected, no significant difference was found between the squamous cell carcinoma group and control group (p=0.09). CONCLUSION: No significant association was noted between HPV and oral squamous cell carcinoma; however, a low carcinogenic-risk HPV was detected in 15.7% of carcinoma samples. No HPV contamination was detected in patients with leukoplakia and healthy groups.
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