BackgroundMADS-box genes encode a large family of transcription factors that play significant roles in plant growth and development. Bamboo is an important non-timber forest product worldwide, but previous studies on the moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) MADS-box gene family were not accurate nor sufficiently detailed.ResultsHere, a complete genome-wide identification and characterization of the MADS-box genes in moso bamboo was conducted. There was an unusual lack of type-I MADS-box genes in the bamboo genome database (http://202.127.18.221/bamboo/index.php), and some of the PeMADS sequences are fragmented and/or inaccurate. We performed several bioinformatics techniques to obtain more precise sequences using transcriptome assembly. In total, 42 MADS-box genes, including six new type-I MADS-box genes, were identified in bamboo, and their structures, phylogenetic relationships, predicted conserved motifs and promoter cis-elements were systematically investigated. An expression analysis of the bamboo MADS-box genes in floral organs and leaves revealed that several key members are involved in bamboo inflorescence development, like their orthologous genes in Oryza. The ectopic overexpression of one MADS-box gene, PeMADS5, in Arabidopsis triggered an earlier flowering time and the development of an aberrant flower phenotype, suggesting that PeMADS5 acts as a floral activator and is involved in bamboo flowering.ConclusionWe produced the most comprehensive information on MADS-box genes in moso bamboo. Additionally, a critical PeMADS gene (PeMADS5) responsible for the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth was identified and shown to be related to bamboo floral development.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12870-018-1394-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
The ability to initiate stem elongation at the early growth stages of a plant is the major survival mechanism of floating rice in the presence of flooding. We previously identified two quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for this "early elongation ability" on chromosomes 3 and 12 using a Patnai23 (a non-floating cultivar) × Goai (a floating cultivar) F 2 population. The objectives of the present study were: (1) to identify QTLs for early elongation ability in the cross Habiganj Aman VIII (a floating cultivar) × Patnai23, and (2) to confirm the results obtained in our previous diallel analysis indicating that Habiganj Aman VIII might harbour additional gene(s) for early elongation ability compared with Goai. The genotype of a total of 192 F 2 plants was investigated using 85 (9 RFLP and 76 SSR) markers and the plants were assessed for early elongation ability. We scaled early elongation ability based on the position of the lowermost internode that exhibited elongation ("lowest elongated internode", LEI), since the LEI position parallels the time of the onset of stem elongation. As a result, a large QTL detected on chromosome 12 seemed to be common to the two crosses. A small QTL detected on chromosome 1 was unique to the Habiganj Aman VIII × Patnai23 cross, which was consistent with the results obtained in our previous diallel analysis. No QTLs were found on chromosome 3 in this cross. These results suggested that (1) the QTL on chromosome 12 might be the most important one for the expression of early elongation ability in terms of the to percentage of phenotypic variation and consistency in different backgrounds, and (2) diallel analysis might be an effective method for examining differences in genetic control among diverse parents.Key Words: floating rice, QTL, rice, stem elongation. IntroductionFloating rice has been the most important crop in the flood plains of South and Southeast Asia, where water may rise to a height of more than 1 m during the wet season. It characteristically exhibits a remarkable stem elongation in rising water, which is the major survival mechanism in the presence of flooding (Catling 1992). This capacity of stem elongation is mainly ascribed to the early onset of stem elongation. In most rice cultivars, stem elongation starts two months or more after germination, whereas stem elongation might start as early as one month after germination in floating rice cultivars (Takahashi 1988). This ability of floating rice cultivars to start stem elongation at the earlier growth stages is referred to as "early elongation ability" (Mazaredo and Vergara 1979).Previous morphological studies have indicated the following mechanism for the early elongation ability of floating rice. Rice (whether floating or non-floating) stem elongation is determined by the "intercalary meristem" (Kende et al. 1998), which becomes differentiated at a definite stage of plant development, regardless of the water conditions (Takahashi 1988). Generally, in rice, submergence only promotes cell division and cell elongation in the...
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