current evidence supports the multifactorial aetiology of elder abuse involving risk factors within the elder person, perpetrator, relationship and environment.

IMPORTANCE Frailty is a common geriatric syndrome of significant public health importance, yet there is limited understanding of the risk of frailty development at a population level. OBJECTIVE To estimate the global incidence of frailty and prefrailty among community-dwelling adults 60 years or older.DATA SOURCES MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, Web of Science, CINAHL Plus, and AMED (Allied and Complementary Medicine Database) were searched from inception to January 2019 without language restrictions using combinations of the keywords frailty, older adults, and incidence. The reference lists of eligible studies were hand searched. STUDY SELECTIONIn the systematic review, 2 authors undertook the search, article screening, and study selection. Cohort studies that reported or had sufficient data to compute incidence of frailty or prefrailty among community-dwelling adults 60 years or older at baseline were eligible. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESISThe methodological quality of included studies was assessed using The Joanna Briggs Institute's Critical Appraisal Checklist for Prevalence and Incidence Studies.Meta-analysis was conducted using a random-effects (DerSimonian and Laird) model. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURESIncidence of frailty (defined as new cases of frailty among robust or prefrail individuals) and incidence of prefrailty (defined as new cases of prefrailty among robust individuals), both over a specified duration. RESULTSOf 15 176 retrieved references, 46 observational studies involving 120 805 nonfrail (robust or prefrail) participants from 28 countries were included in this systematic review. Among the nonfrail individuals who survived a median follow-up of 3.0 (range, 1.0-11.7) years, 13.6% (13 678 of 100 313) became frail, with the pooled incidence rate being 43.4 (95% CI, 37.3-50.4; I 2 = 98.5%) cases per 1000 person-years. The incidence of frailty was significantly higher in prefrail individuals than robust individuals (pooled incidence rates, 62.7 [95% CI, 49.2-79.8; I 2 = 97.8%] vs 12.0 [95% CI, 8.2-17.5; I 2 = 94.9%] cases per 1000 person-years, respectively; P for difference < .001). Among robust individuals in 21 studies who survived a median follow-up of 2.5 (range, 1.0-10.0) years, 30.9% (9974 of 32 268) became prefrail, with the pooled incidence rate being 150.6 (95% CI, 123.3-184.1; I 2 = 98.9%) cases per 1000 person-years. The frailty and prefrailty incidence rates were significantly higher in women than men (frailty: 44.8 [95% CI, 36.7-61.3; I 2 = 97.9%] vs 24.3 [95% CI, 19.6-30.1; I 2 = 8.94%] cases per 1000 person-years; prefrailty: 173.2 [95% CI, 87.9-341.2; I 2 = 99.1%] vs 129.0 (continued) Key PointsQuestion What is the incidence of frailty and prefrailty among communitydwelling adults 60 years or older?Findings In this systematic review and meta-analysis involving data from more than 120 000 older adults from 28 countries, the incidence of frailty and prefrailty was estimated as 43.4 and 150.6 new cases per 1000 person-years, respectively. The frailty and prefrailty incidence rates varied by ...

The exercise programme was feasible and safe and may help improve balance and mobility performance and reduce falls risk in people with Alzheimer's disease.

The prevalence of dementia among Indigenous Australians is substantially higher than that found in non-Indigenous Australians and all other studied populations.