To better predict how populations and communities respond to climatic temperature variation, it is necessary to understand how the shape of the response of fitness-related rates to temperature evolves (the thermal performance curve). Currently, there is disagreement about the extent to which the evolution of thermal performance curves is constrained. One school of thought has argued for the prevalence of thermodynamic constraints through enzyme kinetics, whereas another argues that adaptation canat least partly-overcome such constraints. To shed further light on this debate, we perform a phylogenetic meta-analysis of the thermal performance curves of growth rate of phytoplankton-a globally important functional group-controlling for environmental effects (habitat type and thermal regime). We find that thermodynamic constraints have a minor influence on the shape of the curve. In particular, we detect a very weak increase of maximum performance with the temperature at which the curve peaks, suggesting a weak "hotter-is-better" constraint. Also, instead of a constant thermal sensitivity of growth across species, as might be expected from strong constraints, we find that all aspects of the thermal performance curve evolve along the phylogeny.Our results suggest that phytoplankton thermal performance curves adapt to thermal environments largely in the absence of hard thermodynamic constraints. K E Y W O R D S : Constraints, growth rate, phytoplankton, thermal adaptation, thermal response. 7 7 5 Figure 1. The relationship of growth rate (r max ) with temperature in ectotherms (the thermal performance curve; TPC). The TPC is generally unimodal and asymmetric, here quantified by the fourparameter Sharpe-Schoolfield model (black line; Schoolfield et al. Amphidinium klebsii (Morton et al. 1992). The parameters of the model are B 0 (in units of s −1 ), E (eV), T pk (K), and E D (eV). B 0 is the growth rate at a reference temperature below the peak (T ref ) and controls the vertical offset of the TPC. E sets the rate at which the curve rises and is, therefore, a measure of thermal sensitivity at the operational temperature range. T pk is the temperature at which growth rate is maximal, and E D controls the fall of the curve. Two other parameters control the shape of the curve and can be calculated from the four main parameters: B pk (s −1 ); the maximum height of the curve, and W op (K); the operational niche width, which we define as the difference between T pk and the temperature at the rise of the curve where growth rate is half of B pk . Further information regarding the assumptions of the model are provided in the section "Estimation of TPC parameter values" of the Methods. 1981) fitted to growth rate measurements of the dinoflagellate

Annotating coding genes and inferring orthologs are two classical challenges in genomics and evolutionary biology that have traditionally been approached separately, which limits scalability. We present TOGA, the first method that integrates gene annotation and orthology inference. TOGA implements a novel paradigm to infer orthologous genes, improves ortholog detection and annotation completeness compared to state-of-the-art methods, and handles even highly-fragmented assemblies. TOGA scales to hundreds of genomes, which we demonstrate by applying it to 488 placental mammal and 308 bird assemblies, creating the largest comparative gene resources so far. Additionally, TOGA detects gene losses, enables selection screens, and automatically provides a superior measure of mammalian genome quality. Together, TOGA is a powerful and scalable method to annotate and compare genes in the genomic era.

IntroductionKawasaki disease is an acute necrotising vasculitis of the medium- and small-sized vessels, occurring mainly in Japanese and Korean babies and children, aged 6 months to 5 years. Its main complication is damage of coronary arteries, which has the potential to be fatal. Here we report a rare case of Kawasaki disease that occurred in a 20-year-old Greek adult.Case presentationA 20-year-old Greek man presented with high fever, appetite loss, nausea and vomiting, headache and significant malaise. He had an erythema of the palms and strikingly red lips and conjunctiva. As he did not respond to broad-spectrum antibiotics and after having excluded other possible diagnoses, the diagnosis of Kawasaki disease was set. He was treated with intravenous immunoglobulin and oral aspirin on the 10th day since the onset of the illness. His clinico-laboratory response was excellent and no coronary artery aneurysms were detected in coronary artery computed tomography performed 1 month later.ConclusionsThis report of an adult case of European Kawasaki disease may be of benefit to physicians of various specialties, including primary care doctors, hospital internists, intensivists and cardiologists. It demonstrates that a case of prolonged fever, unresponsive to antibiotics, in the absence of other diagnoses may be an incident of Kawasaki disease. It is worth stressing that such a diagnosis should be considered, even if the patient is adult and not of Asian lineage.