Fungal growth in fruits may cause spoilage and result in a reduction of their quality and quantity. The aim of the current study was to investigate the antifungal activity and the metabolism of thymol and carvacrol by Colletotrichum acutatum and Botryodiplodia theobromae. The results showed that both compounds provided relatively good control against these plant pathogenic fungi. Mycelial growth of C. acutatum and B. theobromae was inhibited at 50 µg/mL and above. At 150 µg/mL, thymol and carvacrol inhibited the radial growth of fungi completely and this effect remained for 240 h. Furthermore, thymol and carvacrol were metabolized by the plant pathogenic fungi in low proportion to several compounds, including thymoquinone, thymohydroquinone, thymyl-and carvacryl acetate, thymyland carvacryl methyl ether. The transformations affect the structural requirements of thymol and carvacrol related to their antimicrobial activity and mode of action. The relatively high antifungal activity of thymol and carvacrol against C. acutatum and B. theobromae and the low levels of microbial transformation indicate that both compounds could be an alternative to traditional chemical fungicides for control of pre-and postharvest phytopathogenic fungi on fruits or vegetables. Key words: Alternative control, arylpropanoids, fungal detoxification, metabolic pathways, thymoquinone. RESUMEN Timol y carvacrol: biotransformación y actividad antifúngica contra los hongos fitopatogénicos Colletotrichum acutatum y Botryodiplodia theobromaeEl crecimiento de los hongos en frutas puede causar el deterioro de los alimentos y resultar en una reducción de la calidad y la productividad. El objetivo del presente estudio fue investigar la actividad antifúngica, y el metabolismo de timol y carvacrol por Colletotrichum acutatum y Botryodiplodia theobromae. Los resultados muestran que ambos compuestos despliegan un relativo buen control contra los hongos fitopatogénicos; el crecimiento micelial de C. acutatum y B. theobromae se inhibió a concentraciones de 50 µg/mL y mayores. A 150 µg/mL, timol y carvacrol inhibieron el crecimiento radial de los hongos g/mL y mayores. A 150 µg/mL, timol y carvacrol inhibieron el crecimiento radial de los hongos µg/mL, timol y carvacrol inhibieron el crecimiento radial de los hongos completamente y este efecto permaneció durante 240 h. Además, los hongos fitopatogénicos metabolizaron timol y carvacrol a varios compuestos en una baja proporción, incluyendo timoquinona, timohidroquinona, timil-y carvacril acetato, timil-y carvacril metil eter, entre otros. Las transformaciones afectan los requerimientos estructurales del timol y carvacrol relacionados con su actividad antimicrobiana y modo de acción. La actividad antifúngica relativamente alta de timol y carvacrol contra C. acutatum and B. theobromae y los niveles de transformación microbiana bajos, indican que ambos compuestos pueden ser una alternativa a los fungicidas químicos tradicionales para el control de los hongos fitopatogénicos en pre-y poscosecha de fruta...
Abstract:In the present work, isoflavonoid phytoalexin production in response to the application of salicylic acid in cotyledons of four common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivars (SA) was evaluated. The time-course and dose-response profiles of the induction process were established by quantifying the isoflavonoids by HPLC. Cotyledons of anthracnose-resistant cultivars induced by SA produced substantially higher phytoalexin contents as compared to the susceptible ones. In addition, maximum levels of phytoalexins (50-100 fold increases) were reached between 96 and 144 h, and when a concentration of SA from 3.62 to 14.50 mM was used. The observations also indicate that there was a relatively good correlation between the phytoalexin contents and the inhibitory effect against C. lindemuthianum; the higher antifungal activity was observed during the first 48 hours for extracts from cotyledons treated with SA at 1.45 and 3.62 mM, and between 96 and 144 h after induction. Finally, compounds structurally related to SA (dihydro-quinazolinones and some imines) showed a strong elicitor effect. Moreover, induced extracts from cotyledons treated with these potential elicitors, besides the properly elicitors, displayed a weak to moderated antifungal activity. These compounds may be
The accumulation of isoflavonoid phytoalexins was studied in several Colombian bean cultivars resistant and susceptible to Colletotrichum lindemuthianum fungus, the causal agent of anthrachnose disease. A time-course accumulation analysis on seedlings treated with CuCl2 showed that phaseollin production was higher in resistant cultivars than in susceptible ones. Also, a defensive role of phytoalexins was demostrated when extracts containing this pterocarpan exhibited antifungal activity against C. lindemuthianum. In addition, the elicitor activity of some aminosugars was also established.
Recebido em 10/7/08; aceito em 24/4/09; publicado na web 22/9/09 ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY AGAINST POSTHARVEST FUNGI BY EXTRACTS FROM COLOMBIAN PROPOLIS. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the antifungal properties of Colombian propolis extracts against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Botryodiplodia theobromae, and to isolate and identify the main constituents from the active extracts. Therefore, propolis samples were thoroughly extracted with n-hexane/methanol (EPEM), dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. Experimental results indicated that mycelial growth of all selected microorganisms was reduced in culture media containing EPEM and dichloromethane fractions. Furthermore, through antifungal bioassay-guided fractionation, three known labdane-type diterpenes: isocupressic acid (1), (+)-agathadiol (2) and epi-13-torulosol (3) were isolated as the main constituents from the active fractions.
The present work analyses the chromatographic profile of the peels from fruits of different citrus cultivated in Colombia: sweet orange ( Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck var. Valencia), mandarins ( Citrus reticulata L. var. Arrayana and Oneco), Key lime ( Citrus aurantifolia [Christ.] Swingle var. Pajarito), Mandarine lime ( Citrus x limonia , a hybrid between Citrus reticulata and Citrus x limon ) and Tahitian lime ( C. latifolia Tanaka, syn. Persian lime). Coumarins, furanocoumarins and polymethoxylated flavones are the major compounds. Then, six coumarins were isolated and identified from fruits of Tahitian and Key lime corresponding to 5-geranyloxy-7-methoxycoumarin; 5,7-dimethoxycoumarin ( syn . limettin); 5,8-dimethoxypsoralen ( syn. isopimpinellin); 5-methoxypsoralen ( syn . bergaptene); 5-geranoxypsoralen ( syn. bergamottin) and 5-(2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutoxy) psoralen ( syn. oxypeucedanin hydrate). Coumarins and furanocoumarins were quantified by liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD). Results show that the prenylated compounds were present in high concentrations in Tahitian and Key lime but in very low amounts in mandarins and sweet orange. Subsequently, the antifungal activity (inhibition of mycelial growth and germination of spores) of the coumarins against the fungus causing the anthracnose, Colletotrichum sp. (isolated from aerial parts of Tahitian lime) was determined. The compounds limettin and bergaptene, as well as mixtures of them, showed significant inhibitory effect (radial growth and spore germination) when compared to the control. Finally, the effect of some recognized elicitors to induce the coumarin production in fruits of C. latifolia was evaluated. The results showed that the chemical profiles are dependent on the applied elicitor and the post-induction time. As a result of the induction, a high concentration of some coumarins and furanocoumarins was maintained in the course of time for the Tahitian lime. In conclusion, isolated coumarins could be involved in the defense mechanisms of C. latifolia , C. aurantifolia and C. limonia and their accumulation may be modulated by the application of elicitors.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.