The finding of Panstrongylus geniculatus nymphs inside a house in northeastern Antioquia, Colombia, and the reports related to their increasing presence in homes suggest the need for surveillance methods for monitoring the invasion processes. We analyzed the morphological differences between a wild population and its laboratory descendants, using the techniques of geometric morphometry, with the idea that such differences might parallel those between sylvatic and synanthropic populations. The analyses over five generations showed differences in size but not in shape. Head size and wing size were both reduced from sylvatic to laboratory populations, but the decrease in head size occurred only up to the second generation while the decrease in wing size proceeded up to the fifth generation. In contrast, although a decrease in sexual size dimorphism has been proposed as a marker of colonization in human dwellings, we did not detect any significant loss of dimorphism between sexes of P. geniculatus over the five generations studied. We conclude that size changes may have a physiological origin in response to a change of ecotopes, but more than five generations may be required for the expression of permanent morphological markers of human dwellings colonization.Key words: geometrical morphometry -isometric size -shape -Triatominae -Panstrongylus geniculatus -Chagas disease Panstrongylus geniculatus (Latreille, 1911) is one of the most widely distributed species of Triatominae (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) on the American continent, with a range known to extend from southern Mexico to northern Argentina, and including several of the Caribbean islands (Carcavallo et al. 1999). Its main habitats are the burrows and nesting places of marsupials, bats, rodents and birds, but adult specimens have also been collected from human peridomicile and homes -presumably attracted by light (Carcavallo et al. 1998). It has even been found in urban areas of Caracas, Venezuela (Pifano 1986) and in the city of Corrientes, Argentina (Carcavallo et al. 1998).Although Miles et al. (1981) reported that Amazon populations of P. geniculatus were difficult to rear in the laboratory, requiring 100% rh in their hands, peridomicile and synanthropic colonies of this species have since been reported from parts of southern Venezuela and the Brazilian Amazon (Valente et al. 1998) with evidence that it has been feeding on domestic pigs and on people. In the Ecuadorian Amazon P. geniculatus has also shown a tendency to establish peridomicile colonies in which they have exhibited the capacity of flying from their breeding places, in order to feed inside the dwellings during the night (Chico et al. 1997, Aguilar et al. 1999, Abad-Franch et al. 2001 and we were interested to study these populations in order to assess possible morphometric changes associated with the apparently recent trend to synantrophic behavior (Dujardin et al. 1999b, Schofield et al. 1999. Accordingly, we report here a comparison between natural populations of P. geniculatus and their labora...
ResumenSe presenta una revisión actualizada sobre los triatominos, vectores de la enfermedad de Chagas, en aspectos como la ubicación taxonómica de las especies actualmente reconocidas, asi como de las especies encontradas en los domicilios en Colombia y del ciclo de vida del grupo en general, todo lo cual involucra el tamaño de las poblaciones, su dispersión y situaciones antrópicas que las están llevando a procesos de domiciliación. Igualmente, se hace un llamado de atención sobre las consecuencias epidemiológicas que pueden derivarse de dichas alteraciones. En Colombia. el Trypanosoma cruziafecta el 3,3% de la población y, aproximadamente, el 10% se encuentra en riesgo de adquirir la infección. En esta parasitosis intervienen tres componentes biológicos: el protozoo T. cruzi, el vector triatomino Reduviidae y el reservorio vertebrado. Debido a la alteración de los ecótopos naturales a la acción devastadora de la tala de bosques, a la construcción de viviendas con hojas de palmas y a la cacería indiscriminada de animales silvestres, entre otros, la conducta de los triatominos, insectos originalmente silvestres, ha sufrido cambios con el resultado de invasiones esporádicas o permanentes a las viviendas, lo cual está originando un cambio sustancial del comportamiento de la triada vector-huésped-parásito y, consecuentemente. de la enfermedad.Palabras clave: enfermedad de Chagas, Triatominae, comportamiento Triatomine (Hemiptera: Rediviidae) behavioral aspects: Chagas disease vectors AbstractThe article presents an updated review of triatomines, Chagas disease vectors, with respect to the taxonomy of presently known species, as well as those located in dwellings in Colombia, and the group's life cycle, including population size, theirspreading mechanisms, and anthropicfactors which are forcing domiciliation habits among them. We also cal1 attention on the epidemioloqical consequences resulting from such changes. Trypanosoma cruziin Colombia affects 3.3% of thépopulation, from which around 10% is in risk of qettinq infected. Three bioloqical components act in this infectious disease: the protozoa T. cruzi, the tryatomine Reduviidae vectoránd the vertebrate reservoir. Although the Triatomine is originally a sylvatic insect, the alteration of its natural habitat, including forest devastation. housing construction with palm leaves and indiscriminate hunting, has changed substantially their behaviour. Thus, Triatomines are invading households and there are already signs of domiciliation which are forcing important changes in the vector-host-parasite behaviour and, consequently, in the disease itself.
The purpose of this study was to determinethe prevalence and variability of five non-metric dentalcrown traits (Carabelli cusp, protostylid, groove pattern,and cusps 6 and 7) in the deciduous (Um2 and Lm2)and permanent (UM1 and LM1) teeth in children inthe mixed-dentition, and to compare these frequencieswith the literature. A descriptive study was conductedto characterize the dental morphology of young subjectsin mixed dentition stages. The Arizona State UniversityDental Anthropology System (ASUDAS) and Grine,Sciulli, and Hanihara methods were used as referenceto compare the prevalence of dental traits in dentalcasts from 100 subjects from a Colombian racially mixedpopulation. The high prevalence of furrows and pits ofthe Carabelli cusp, minor expressions of the protostylid(foramen cecum), and the low frequencies of cusps 5 and6, plus the behavior of the expression of groove patterncollectively suggest that this group reflects influences byboth the Mongoloid and Caucasoid dental complexes.Correspondence of trait expression in both the primaryand permanent dentition was also demonstrated (P< 0.05). Some of the non-metric trait frequencies alsoexhibited sexual dimorphism.
ResumenTeóricos e investigadores han coincidido en señalar que el contrato psicológico es un proceso que hace referencia a obligaciones recíprocas e implícitas entre el empleado y el empleador, y que va más allá de los contratos explícitos y/o formales. Esta situación que antes de la década de 1990 se mantenía estable, adquiere importancia en los tiempos actuales, debido a cambios bruscos en la modalidad de los empleos en las organizaciones actuales. De manera que, el objeto del presente estudio es conocer el estado actual del contrato psicológico y su relación con el desempeño y la satisfacción en 303 empleados del sector público y privado de Lima. Los resultados nos indican que existe una correlación significativa y positiva entre el contrato psicológico, el desempeño y la satisfacción. Entre tanto, existen diferencias entre las obligaciones de la organización según sea pública o privada, impactando más en las organizaciones privadas; ocurriendo de la misma manera con la satisfacción laboral. Similares diferencias, se encontró entre las variables de estudio según el género, estado civil, estatus ocupacional, remuneraciones y lugar de procedencia; no así con la edad, años de servicio en el puesto y antigüedad en la organización. Palabras clave: Contrato psicológico, desempeño, satisfacción, empleados públicos y privados, Lima, Perú.
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