Factors influencing reactive Fe cycling and its protection of organic carbon (OC) in sediments are poorly understood. Here we comparatively study Fe speciation and Fe‐associated OC (Fe‐OC) in surface sediments of the Bohai Sea (BHS) and southern Yellow Sea (SYS), two seas with common sediment sources but different depositional regimes. Though significant sequestration of highly reactive Fe (FeHR) is expected in the estuarine system stream from the river‐dominated BHS, this pool is, however, slightly enriched in the BHS sediments relative to their source material. This reconfirms a previous speculation of sedimentary FeHR enrichment in semi‐protected settings. Relative to the BHS, the SYS sediments are depleted of FeHR, despite common sediment sources of these two areas. Estuarine pre‐enrichment and subsequent redistribution of FeHR in the BHS, and aging of Fe‐bearing authigenic clays during transport from the BHS to the SYS are potential mechanisms for the depletion. The fractions (fFe‐OC) of Fe‐OC in total OC in sediments of the two seas are at the lower end for soils and sediments, indicating Fe being a minor “rusty sink.” 13CFe‐OC fractionations indicate preferential sequestration of terrestrial OC by Fe oxides in the BHS, in contrast with preferential retention of marine OC in the SYS. Different fractionations of 13CFe‐OC in the two seas are a net result of selective adsorption of OC by Fe oxides and selective stabilization of OC during Fe reductive dissolution. Preferential sequestration of terrestrial OC may exert an important influence on distribution and compositions of OC buried in the river‐dominated system.
This article draws on the two authors’ extensive fieldwork experiences in studying Chinese feminists and lawyers on social media to offer some thoughts on how to conduct qualitative research in the digitalized world. We argue that qualitative methods such as participation observation, in-depth interview, and textual analysis can provide thick descriptions and deep, localized knowledge of social processes that go far beyond the sketches of Big Data. Social science data collection and analysis on social media need not only Big Data’s bird’s-eye view, but also the day-to-day ethnographic immersion—“living on the sites” and interacting with research subjects over a long period of time. The rise of social media has not changed the basic principles of doing ethnography, such as the importance of immersion and reflexivity. Nevertheless, ethnography of online groups presents new challenges and opportunities in terms of accessing field sites, analyzing ethnographic data, and research ethics.
In authoritarian contexts where the state is the primary performer in the public sphere and legal mobilization is constrained and repressed, activists often seek to carve out a public space to confront the frontstage and backstage of the state’s performance in order to pursue collective action. Comparing the online legal mobilization of feminist and lawyer activists in China, this article investigates how performance arts are used by activists to challenge the authoritarian state in the age of social media. Performing “artivism” is to create conspicuous spectacles in the public eye for the purposes of exposing the state’s illegal or repressive backstage actions or promoting alternative values and norms different from the official ideology. By subversively disrupting the evidential boundaries set by the state, Chinese activists have been able to gain momentum and public support for their legal mobilization. However, it was precisely the success of their artivism that contributed to the government crackdowns on both feminists and lawyers in 2015.
Abstract. This paper studies the financing efficiency of strategic emerging industries listed companies in Guizhou province. This paper selects the total asset return and total assets turnover as output index, and selects interest expense, asset liability, total assets and cost as input index. The DEA method is used to evaluate the financing efficiency of strategic emerging industries listed companies in Guizhou province in 2014 and 2015. The results show that the comprehensive efficiency of strategic emerging industries listed companies in Guizhou province in 2015 is significantly higher than that in 2014.
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