Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a backbone of intelligent transportation system that is envisaged to play a significant role in the futuristic smart cities for safety and traffic management. Designing an optimal multi-hop routing protocol with lower transmission delay and reduced overhead has remained to be a challenge owing to the inability of existing VANET architecture to handle scalability and flexibility efficiently. The present work incorporates an emerging network paradigm called software defined network (SDN) in VANETs. The SDN provides a global view of the network topology and includes programmability to vehicular networks. The architecture manages the complex and highly dynamic vehicular network in an abstract and simplified way by decoupling the control plane from the data plane. The work introduces a SDN-enabled connectivity-aware geographical routing protocol (SCGRP), a performance-enhanced protocol for an optimised transmission of data packets. The SCGRP is simulated using MININET-Wi-Fi and SUMO and the results are evaluated over the existing centralised routing protocol (CRP) routing protocol to prove its better performance.

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are a key technology for intelligent transportation system providing different services in safety and entertainment applications. Routing in VANET encounters high mobility of nodes, heterogeneous node distribution and dynamic network topology. These characteristics of the VANET demand a routing protocol capable of inhibiting intermittent connectivity due to network fragmentation. The proposed work is a connectivity-aware intersection-based shortest path routing protocol (CISRP) for VANETs in an urban environment. The CISRP has been designed to look into the prevailing road conditions and route the packets in a less congestion and less link breakage path to avoid intermittent connectivity. The results evaluated show the enhanced performance of the CISRP protocol.

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Background: Migraine is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by headaches along with several physiological and autonomic nervous system symptoms. Research suggests that migraine is a result of multi-gene mutation in combination with psycho-social and environmental factors.Method: Mutated mammalian serotonin hydroxytryptamine receptor 2 (HTR2) implicated as factor causing migraine were retrieved from the National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), its 3D structure were determined by homology modelling. The 3D structures of phyto-compounds (from Ayurvedic herbs) were retrieved from various databases. The pharmacophore hypothesis was generated for the existing ligands and the phytocompounds were screened against the generated pharmocophoric hypothesis. Ligands were shortlisted based on their fitness score. The selected phytocompounds were screened against HTR2 receptor. Results:The phytocompound having the best docking score and most interactions with the receptor are validated using receptor-ligand binding assay studies with HTR2 receptor in-vitro. Conclusion:Phytocompounds selected as per receptor-ligand binding assay studies.