The steady state pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of metoprolol controlled release tablets 100 mg CR/ZOK, was compared with those of metoprolol conventional tablets 100 mg (CT) and atenolol 50 mg (ATL) in ten healthy Oriental men. The study was of double-blind, cross-over placebo controlled design. The three study drugs and placebo were given in a random order once daily for 4 consecutive days with 1-week wash-out between each period. Treadmill exercise tests were performed and blood samples were obtained at fixed intervals after the fourth dose of each treatment. There was less fluctuation in the plasma level-time profile after CR/ZOK than CT and ATL. Plasma concentrations were significantly higher on CR/ZOK than CT at 24 hours after dosing. The relative bioavailability of CR/ZOK to CT was 69.0%. CR/ZOK achieved relatively more uniform beta-blocking effect over the dose interval. Compared to CT and ATL, the peak effect after CR/ZOK was less pronounced and the beta-blockade after 24 hours more effective.
Objective: This study discusses strategies to overcome hypertension patient compliance to manage self-care. The purpose of the study is to provide a summary of the importance of attention to managing hypertension. Method: a review of literature relevant to hypertension, policies, and management, both pharmacological and non-pharmacological, through cross-programs or sectors. Result: This study found that the ministry of health had compiled various policies to reduce the prevalence of hypertension, including technical guidelines for its implementation, but the strategy has not yet fully reached the minimum service standard, which is because it has not fully involved the relevant cross sectors. Conclusion: Improve the coordination system by “Joint Decree” between the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Villages, PDT and Transmigration, the Ministry of Social Affairs, Indonesian National Army, police, and NGOs to carry out activities simultaneously to the community.
Abstract
Background: Oral cryotherapy has been scientifically proven as a non-pharmacological therapy to reduce the incidence of oral mucositis. With the decline in the incidence of oral mucositis, patient’s comfort improved, the length of stay and cost of care decreases, and maximum quality of life is achieved. Aim: To determine the effectiveness of oral cryotherapy in reducing the incidence of oral mucositis in patient undergoing chemotherapy. Method: This paper used literature review. The literature search was conducted of articles published from January 2012 through February 2018 using the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and Ebscohost databases on the effectiveness of oral cryotherapy in reducing oral mucositis in patients undergoing chemotherapy. Result: This search resulted in a total of 8 articles. Evidence has indicated that there is a significance effect of oral cryotherapy in reducing oral mucositis. Conclusion: Oral cryotherapy is one of technique that easy to do, inexpensive and can be tolerated by patients in general, so it can be used widely. It can be used for adults and children with solid tumors, bone marrow transplant patients and for patients with different chemotherapy regimens (single or combination regimens).
Keywords: Oral Cryotherapy, Oral Mucositis, Chemotherapy, patient’s quality of life
Background: Until the last decade, the incidence of hypertension has increased sharply. It has been reported that individuals with hypertension show a low level of adherence to their therapy management. Moreover, there has been no previous research evaluating individual characteristics, adherence, and barriers to medication adherence among people with hypertension at the border of Indonesia and Timor Leste.Purpose: This study aimed to identify individual characteristics, adherence, and barriers to medication adherence among hypertensive patients.Methods: A total of 112 hypertensive patients recruited using a quota sampling method at the border of Indonesia and Timor Leste participated in this cross-sectional study. Data were collected using the Hill-Bone Questionnaire to identify adherence and the Adherence Barrier Questionnaire (ABQ) to identify barriers to medication adherence. Individual characteristics were also collected. To confirm the hypertension condition at the time of data collection, measurements of blood pressure were retaken. Descriptive statistics and Chi-square analysis were used for data analysis. Results: The average of systolic blood pressure was 163.85(18.24) mmHg, and the diastolic blood pressure was 99.30(11.57) mmHg. The Chi-square test showed that education and occupation had a significant relationship with adherence (p<0.05) and barriers to medication adherence (p=0.000). Meanwhile, other characteristics, including age, gender, and marital status, were not significantly related to adherence (p>0.05) and barriers to medication adherence (p>0.05).Conclusion: There is a relationship between education and occupation with adherence and barriers to medication adherence, but there is no relationship when viewed from such individual characteristics as age, gender, and marital status. Further research is needed to identify effective educational methods to increase the knowledge, motivation, and self-efficacy of hypertensive patients to improve blood pressure control.
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