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Marketing strategists assert that environmental management is a critical marketing task. However, little attention has been given to environmental forces that actively oppose an organization's marketing policies. Protest groups often use boycotts in an attempt to coerce an organization to modify allegedly harmful marketing policies. The author proposes and tests a theory of the effectiveness of such boycotts.

Questions have emerged recently about the appropriateness of defining disadvantaged consumers based on their membership in certain demographic categories, such as income, age, education, and race. This study assessed whether these traditional classifications are useful for understanding consumer complaining behavior with the Better Business Bureau. Results of analysis of more than 24,000 consumer complaints filed with a local BBB office during a 13-year period do not provide consistent support for this disadvantaged consumer perspective. Instead, the emerging vulnerable consumer perspective may provide a more promising basis for future research