Threshold levels of individual NFAT factors appear to be critical for apoptosis induction in effector T cells. In these cells, the short isoform A of NFATc1 is induced to high levels due to the autoregulation of the NFATc1 promoter P1 by NFATs. P1 is located within a CpG island in front of exon 1, represents a DNase I hypersensitive chromatin site, and harbors several sites for binding of inducible transcription factors, including a tandemly arranged NFAT site. A second promoter, P2, before exon 2, is not controlled by NFATs and directs synthesis of the longer NFATc1/B+C isoforms. Contrary to other NFATs, NFATc1/A is unable to promote apoptosis, suggesting that NFATc1/A enhances effector functions without promoting apoptosis of effector T cells.
To investigate the circulation of rabies virus in Ukraine, 78 rabies virus isolates were acquired from 14 states in 2002 and 2008-2010 for characterization. Partial sequences of nucleoprotein (359 nt) and glycoprotein (344 nt) genes were compared with those from neighbouring countries. The analysis identified 39 unique nucleoprotein genes and two geographically distinct RV variants belonging to the cosmopolitan lineage. The Ukrainian samples were similar to the North-East European lineage (NEE) (n = 19) and Russian group C (n = 20). The group C viruses were mainly isolated in Eastern Ukraine, from 9 regions, and from two other regions in Western Ukraine, suggesting the presence of group C throughout the country. These group C viruses are intermixed in bordering regions along the Dnieper River with viruses of group NEE, which were mainly isolated in six regions in Western Ukraine. Both nucleoprotein and glycoprotein gene analyses suggested evidence for cross-border movements of rabies virus.
The agglutination technique was used to establish a serological classification scheme for 98 strains of Bacteroides fragilis subsp. fragilis isolated from clinical specimens and normal human feces. Absorbed antisera were prepared to seven strains of B. fragilis subsp. fragilis. These seven absorbed antisera were species as well as subspecies specific and provided the basis of the serological classification scheme. This scheme was composed of 21 serogroups; seven of these serogroups contained only one group component. There was a total of 45 serological patterns. This serological scheme may be used for the serological classification of strains of B. fragilis subsp. fragilis and to study the epidemiology of this organism.
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