Background: Research has consistently reported gender differences in mental health, but studies on differences in psychological well-being between women and men have not yielded conclusive results. The aim of this study was to examine the relevance of gender to the psychological well-being of adult individuals. A cross-sectional study with a sample of 1700 men and 1700 women from the general Spanish population was conducted. Their ages ranged from 21 to 64 years, and they were assessed with Ryff’s Psychological Well-Being Scales and the Bem Sex Role Inventory. Results: Men scored higher than women in self-acceptance and autonomy, and women scored higher than men in personal growth and positive relations with others. The most relevant variable in the psychological well-being of both women and men was high masculinity. Other relevant variables in women’s well-being were high femininity, not having a manual occupation, not being homemakers, and professional occupation. Men´s well-being also was higher in professional men and in men with a skilled non-manual occupation, men with high femininity and men who were not single, divorced or widowed. Conclusions: Adherence to traditional gender roles is relevant to the psychological well-being of women and men, and women and men whose self-concept includes both masculine-instrumental and feminine-expressive characteristics have greater well-being.
Background: Gender and social support are important social determinants of health, but the relevance of such variables in older people’s health has raised less scholarly attention than in younger age groups. This study examines the relevance of gender and social support in the self-rated health and life satisfaction of elderly Spanish people. A cross-sectional study with a sample of 702 men and 754 women aged between 60 and 94 years was conducted. All participants were evaluated through questionnaires that assess gender role traits, social support, and life satisfaction. Results: Men scored higher than women in masculine/instrumental trait and in life satisfaction whereas women scored higher than men in feminine/expressive trait. Results from multiple regression analyses indicated that women and men presenting higher social support had better self-rated health and higher life satisfaction. High scores in masculine/instrumental trait also proved to be an important predictor of men’s and women’s high life satisfaction and of women’s better self-rated health, whereas the high feminine/expressive trait predicted better self-rated health in the men group. A high educational level was associated in the women’s group with better self-rated health and higher life satisfaction. Conclusions: We conclude that gender and social support are important social determinants of health among older people.
ResumenEstudio en el que se analiza la eficacia de un tratamiento psicológico para mujeres maltratadas por su pareja. La muestra está formada por 107 mujeres maltratadas por su pareja con edades comprendidas entre 23 y 64 años (media = 39.64, DT = 9.87) y características sociodemográficas diversas. Se utilizó un diseño cuasiexperimental con dos grupos independientes (intervención y control) y medidas repetidas (pretratamiento, posttratamiento y seguimientos a los 3 y 6 meses de finalizada la intervención). Las mujeres del grupo con intervención mostraron disminuciones significativas, tanto desde el punto de vista estadístico como clínico, en la sintomatología de estrés postraumático de reexperimentación, evitación y aumento de la activación. también disminuyó su sintomatología depresiva y de ansiedad y aumentó su autoestima y apoyo social. Y dicha mejora se mantuvo en los seguimientos realizados a los 3 y 6 meses de finalizado el programa de intervención.Palabras clave: mujeres maltratadas, violencia de género, intervención psicológica. AbstractThis study analyzed the efficacy of a psychological treatment program for battered women. The sample consisted of 107 battered women aged between 23 and 64 years-old (mean age = 39.64, SD = 9.87) and with diverse sociodemographic characteristics. A quasi-experimental design of two independent groups (intervention and control) and with repeated measures (pre-treatment, post-treatment and three and six month follow-up) has been used. Women in the intervention group experienced statistically and clinical significant decreases in posttraumatic stress symptoms of reexperienced the traumatic event, avoidance and symptoms of increased arousal. Also experienced significant and clinical decreases in depressive and anxiety symptoms and significant increases in self-esteem and social support. Gains were maintained at 3-and 6-months follow-ups.
Objectives: Gender is an important social determinant of health, but gender has played only a marginal role in the geriatric and gerontology research and practice. The aim of this study was to examine the relevance of gender to the psychological well-being of older adults. Design: A cross-sectional study was conducted. Setting: The study was carried out in Spain. Participants: A total of 1,201 people aged between 65 and 94. Measurements: The participants completed sociodemographic data and four questionnaires: The Bem sex role inventory, the Ryff’s psychological well-being scale, the York self-esteem inventory, and the Social support scale. Results: Men scored higher than women in self-acceptance, autonomy, purpose in life, and environmental mastery. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses showed that, although the most important predictors of psychological well-being in both women and men were self-esteem and social support, both masculine/instrumental and feminine/expressive traits were associated with higher psychological well-being, although the effect size was higher for the masculine/instrumental trait. Furthermore, education was associated with psychological well-being in the case of females. Conclusions: Gender plays an important role in the psychological well-being of older adults. The results of this research are relevant for healthcare providers and policy-makers interested in promoting successful aging and increasing the well-being of older people.
Palabras clave: Tratamiento psicológico Eficacia Maltrato de la pareja Estrés postraumático Depresión Keywords: Psychological treatment Efficacy Battered women Posttraumatic stress Depression R E S U M E NEl objetivo del presente trabajo es evaluar la eficacia de un programa de intervención psicológica individual para mujeres maltratadas por su pareja. La muestra está formada por un total de 128 mujeres maltratadas por su pareja, usuarias de servicios públicos especializados, con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 67 años (M = 38.49, DT = 9.20) y diferente estado civil y niveles educativo y laboral. Noventa y seis de ellas participaron en el programa de intervención protocolizado que se puso a prueba en el presente estudio y 32 no participaron, las cuales se consideraron como grupo de control. Se encontró que las mujeres que participaron en la intervención psicológica experimentaron tras ésta una reducción estadísticamente significativa de la sintomatología depresiva, ansiosa y de tipo postraumático, así como de la inseguridad en sí mismas. Además, aumentó su autoestima y confianza en sí mismas, cambios que no se dieron en las mujeres que no participaron en dicho programa y que se mantuvieron en el seguimiento. La mejoría de la salud mental de las mujeres también fue significativa a nivel clínico. Se concluye la eficacia del programa de intervención psicológica puesto a prueba. A B S T R A C TThe aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of an individual psychological treatment for battered women. The sample comprises a total of 128 women battered by their partners, users of public services, aged between 18 and 67 years (M = 38.49, SD = 9.20), and with different marital status and educational and occupational levels. Ninety-six of them participated in the protocol-centered intervention program assessed in the present study, whereas 32 were not involved and were considered as control group. Results show a statistically significant reduction of posttraumatic, depressive, and anxiety symptoms as well as of self-insecurity in women who received psychological intervention. In addition, whereas the latter experienced an increase of self-esteem and self-confidence, women who did not participate in the program did not observe such changes. Moreover, these changes remained constant in the follow-up. The improvement of women's mental health was also significant at the clinical level. We thus conclude that these findings prove the efficacy of this psychological intervention program.
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