A mixed farming system for smallholder farm in Africa generally consists of integrated crop and livestock production activities. In this system, grains are important staple foods for the local people, and the crop by-products are the main sources of roughage for ruminants, including cows, sheep, and goats in West Africa (Cai et al., 2020; Fernández-Rivera et al., 2005). The most important limiting factor for cows in the tropics is feed limitation in terms of quantity and quality, especially during the dry season (Cai et al., 2020; Khota et al., 2017). Cows that cannot access high-quality roughage produce reduced amounts of milk and meat (Wiedmeier et al., 2002). Some varieties of crops that exhibit good tolerance to hot weather and drought conditions have been developed recently, and their adaptability to various
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