This project used a nonexperimental design with a convenience sample and studied the relationship between academic motivation, grade expectation, and academic performance in 1,210 students enrolled in undergraduate human anatomy and physiology (HAP) classes over a 2-yr period. A 42-item survey that included 28 items of the adapted academic motivation scale for HAP based on self-determination theory was administered in class during the first 3 wk of each semester. Students with higher grade point averages, who studied for longer hours and reported to be more motivated to succeed, did better academically in these classes. There was a significant relationship between students' scores on the adapted academic motivation scale and performance. Students were more extrinsically motivated to succeed in HAP courses than intrinsically motivated to succeed, and the analyses revealed that the most significant predictor of final grade was within the extrinsic scale (introjected and external types). Students' motivations remained stable throughout the course sequence. The data showed a significant relationship between HAP students' expected grade and their final grade in class. Finally, 65.5% of students overestimated their final grade, with 29% of students overestimating by two to four letter grades.
Purpose: Human Anatomy & Physiology [HAP] courses are considered “difficult” by both faculty and students, and many students fail to pass the courses. An attempt was made to understand how students’ academic motivations may contribute to their success or failure in these courses. Method: The project used a non-experimental design with a convenience sample. Students in five sections of HAP I and HAP II were invited to complete an anonymous 42-item questionnaire that included an adapted version of the Academic Motivation Scale [AMS], six demographic questions, and eight questions about their academic behaviors in and perceptions of their HAP course. A total of 461 students (69% response rate) completed the questionnaire. Analyses included 1) reliability for the seven AMS subscales, 2) correlations among the subscales, among the eight questions about their behaviors and perceptions, and between the subscales and the behavior and perception questions, and 3) a multivariate multiple regression with the AMS subscales as independent variables and the behavior and perception questions as dependent variables. Results: The AMS was successfully adapted to apply to HAP courses with reliabilities comparable to previously published data. Students’ levels of intrinsic motivation and amotivation, but not extrinsic motivation, were significantly related to their academic behaviors and perceptions of the courses. Conclusions and Recommendations: Despite high levels of extrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation did not appear related to students’ academic behaviors. HAP instructors may need to consider alternate routes to influencing students’ academic success behaviors, as it appears that attempts to influence their extrinsic motivations may not essentially translate to changes in academic behavior.
Application of pressure to the nonemitting system Lu 2 O 3 :Ce 3ϩ leads to the generation of luminescence in the visible. The luminescence is assigned to the 5d→4 f transition of Ce 3ϩ , and is attributed to a pressureinduced electronic crossover of the excited 5d state of Ce 3ϩ and the conduction-band edge of Lu 2 O 3 . The results yield insight into the emission efficiency of 5d→4 f transitions, and provide a foundation for advancing new phosphors and tunable laser materials in the visible and ultraviolet based on the broad 5d→4 f emission of lanthanides.There is currently tremendous interest in the discovery of luminescent materials that emit at progressively shorter wavelengths. Short wavelength visible and ultraviolet ͑UV͒ emitting materials are desired for applications in imaging, lithography, optical data recording, tunable solid state lasers, scintillation, and displays. The challenges associated with obtaining efficient emission at short wavelengths has motivated work directed at creating materials systems with properties based on phenomena. Recent examples include the nitride semiconductors, 1 nanocrystalline materials, 2,3 and quantum cutting phosphors. 4 Lanthanide and transition-metal-doped insulators have enjoyed much success as luminescent materials, but have received relatively little attention for short-wavelength visible and UV-emitting applications. Because of efficient nonradiative decay from upper excited states, transition metals normally emit only from the first excited state. Since the first excited states of transition metals are located at energies corresponding to midvisible or near-infrared ͑NIR͒ wavelengths, the prospects for obtaining green, blue, or UV emission from transition-metal-activated materials appear to be limited. Short-wavelength visible and UV emission does occur from first or higher excited states in lanthanide ions. In most cases, lanthanide emission consists of narrow 4 f →4 f emission lines. As a result, lanthanide emission is oftentimes inconvenient to excite, and occurs at a limited number of discrete wavelengths, with little opportunity for achieving tunability.Most notable, Ce 3ϩ , Eu 2ϩ , and Sm 2ϩ lanthanide ions exhibit 5d→4 f emission. 5-10 5d→4 f emission is potentially advantageous for many applications because it combines the desirable broad absorption and emission features of transition metals with the high-energy emission properties of lanthanides. Although broad 5d→4 f emission has been observed in selected systems at wavelengths ranging from the NIR to the UV, its application has been limited and its potential for addressing current needs at short visible and UV wavelengths is only now becoming realized.The enigmatic nature of 5d→4 f transitions is one factor that has limited their application. Specifically, it has long been known that the emission efficiency of 5d→4 f transitions varies widely and randomly with the host lattice. Most studies have focused on Ce 3ϩ , and have shown that in some host lattices ͑e.g., Lu 2 SiO 5 ), Ce 3ϩ emits with high qu...
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