In the literature arena, it is claimed that lean manufacturing has been implemented successfully in organizations. However, lean manufacturing has been finding little application in classical manufacturing organizations. A careful study of the literature would indicate that non-value adding activities have been occurring in classical manufacturing organizations and preventing the successful implementation of lean manufacturing. In order to overcome this deficient situation, the research reported in this paper was carried out. By carrying out this research, non-value adding activities were mapped with lean manufacturing strategies. In the beginning, 50 non-value adding activities and 27 lean manufacturing strategies were gathered from the literature arena. Through critical thinking, the non-value adding activities were mapped with lean manufacturing strategies. The list containing this map presented in this paper will be useful to the engineers and managers for successfully implementing lean manufacturing in classical manufacturing organizations.
A great deal of work argues that the entry of women into public spaces can promote political and institutional change. The COVID‐19 provides an opportunity to investigate whether and under what conditions women's political representation in rural local governments deliver effective local governance? Drawing from two rounds of data collected in 174 local governments and 1051 households in three Indian states, the paper shows that women Pradhans in the Gram Panchayats had no differential impact on the governance response to COVID‐19 compared to the unreserved ones. Analyzing the heterogeneity in these responses suggests that institutional factors like the proportion of women in village council and local entrepreneurship diversity can enhance women Pradhan's capacity to respond to the pandemic. We explore two channels that enable women Pradhan to govern effectively during the pandemic: improving women's participation in the labor force and reducing household's vulnerability to poverty in the pre‐COVID period.
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