The requirement for next-generation antimalarials to be both curative and transmission-blocking necessitates the identification of previously undiscovered druggable molecular pathways. We identified a selective inhibitor of the Plasmodium falciparum protein kinase PfCLK3, which we used in combination with chemogenetics to validate PfCLK3 as a drug target acting at multiple parasite life stages. Consistent with a role for PfCLK3 in RNA splicing, inhibition resulted in the down-regulation of more than 400 essential parasite genes. Inhibition of PfCLK3 mediated rapid killing of asexual liver- and blood-stage P. falciparum and blockade of gametocyte development, thereby preventing transmission, and also showed parasiticidal activity against P. berghei and P. knowlesi. Hence, our data establish PfCLK3 as a target for drugs, with the potential to offer a cure—to be prophylactic and transmission blocking in malaria.
The requirement for next generation anti-malarials to be both curative and transmission blockers necessitate the identification of molecular pathways essential for viability of both asexual and sexual parasite life stages. Here we identify a selective inhibitor to the Plasmodium falciparum protein kinase PfCLK3 which we use in combination with chemogenetics, whole genome sequencing and transcriptomics to validate PfCLK3 as a druggable target acting at multiple parasite life stages. Consistent with the proposed role of PfCLK3 as a regulator of RNA splicing, inhibition results in the down-regulation of >400 genes essential for parasite survival. Through this mechanism, blocking PfCLK3 activity not only results in rapid killing of asexual blood stage parasites but is also effective on sporozoites and gametocytes as well as showing parasiticidal activity in all Plasmodium species tested. Hence, our data establishes PfCLK3 as a target with the potential to deliver both symptomatic treatment and transmission blocking in malaria.
BackgroundExamining essential biochemical pathways in Plasmodium falciparum presents serious challenges, as standard molecular techniques such as siRNA cannot be employed in this organism, and generating gene knock-outs of essential proteins requires specialized conditional approaches. In the study of protein kinases, pharmacological inhibition presents a feasible alternative option. However, as in mammalian systems, inhibitors often lack the desired selectivity. Described here is a chemical genetic approach to selectively inhibit Pfnek-2 in P. falciparum, a member of the NIMA-related kinase family that is essential for completion of the sexual development of the parasite.ResultsIntroduction of a valine to cysteine mutation at position 24 in the glycine rich loop of Pfnek-2 does not affect kinase activity but confers sensitivity to the protein kinase inhibitor 4-(6-ethynyl-9H-purin-2-ylamino) benzene sulfonamide (NCL-00016066). Using a combination of in vitro kinase assays and mass spectrometry, (including phosphoproteomics) the study shows that this compound acts as an irreversible inhibitor to the mutant Pfnek2 likely through a covalent link with the introduced cysteine residue. In particular, this was shown by analysis of total protein mass using mass spectrometry which showed a shift in molecular weight of the mutant kinase in the presence of the inhibitor to be precisely equivalent to the molecular weight of NCL-00016066. A similar molecular weight shift was not observed in the wild type kinase. Importantly, this inhibitor has little activity towards the wild type Pfnek-2 and, therefore, has all the properties of an effective chemical genetic tool that could be employed to determine the cellular targets for Pfnek-2.ConclusionsAllelic replacement of wild-type Pfnek-2 with the mutated kinase will allow for targeted inhibition of Pfnek-2 with NCL-00016066 and hence pave the way for comparative studies aimed at understanding the biological role and transmission-blocking potential of Pfnek-2.
Clinical Teaching Fellows (CTFs) at Leicester Medical School decided to supplement the learning needs of first year students on the musculoskeletal (MSK) module. Mid-unit evaluation had demonstrated that students had remarked positively on CTF teaching and many requested further anatomy teaching and demonstrations using prosections. It is increasingly important to provide students with evidence that their feedback is being acted upon, therefore CTFs collaborated in providing additional learning resources in the form of CTF-led revision courses while the MSK module was still ongoing. A survey was designed which aimed to engage students and to further explore their learning needs when developing the course. Based on these responses, two half-day CTF-led revision courses were designed, which included educational methods and topics the students themselves had suggested. CTFs collaboratively developed eight different stations, with one CTF designing and delivering the teaching material. Attendance was high and feedback indicated this was a valuable learning experience for students, with particularly positive responses about the interactive nature and high quality of the teaching. This experience demonstrates the benefits of working in partnership with students when developing learning activities, closing the feedback loop to improve student satisfaction, and collaborative planning when designing revision resources.
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