A previously unknown form of compromising emanations has been discovered. LED status indicators on data communication equipment, under certain conditions, are shown to carry a modulated optical signal that is significantly correlated with information being processed by the device. Physical access is not required; the attacker gains access to all data going through the device, including plaintext in the case of data encryption systems. Experiments show that it is possible to intercept data under realistic conditions at a considerable distance. Many different sorts of devices, including modems and Internet Protocol routers, were found to be vulnerable. A taxonomy of compromising optical emanations is developed, and design changes are described that will successfully block this kind of "Optical TEMPEST" attack.

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The purpose of this paper is to examine the features of Extreme Programming (XP) and determine how it can be applied to a single person team (i.e. a programmer who works mainly on his/her own as opposed to a programmer who works as a part of a well-integrated team).A software development process for a single person team, Personal Extreme Programming (PXP) is created. Process script for PXP is explained and the core practices of XP are compared with those of PXP.