Abstract.-We compared the local and geographical variation of parasite infracommunities of the anchovy Engraulis ringens from 3 fishing areas off Chile (Caldera, Talcahuano and Valdivia), in 7 samples taken from different vessels. Body lengths of fish in the samples, richness, diversity and composition of parasite infracommunities revealed significant local variations among trawls, while only the composition of the parasite fauna showed significant geographical variations among fishing zones. Parasite infracommunities in hosts from Caldera were the most different and were characterized by ectoparasites, whereas those from Talcahuano and Valdivia harboured more endoparasites, mostly digeneans. These results confirm the existence of 2 stocks on the Chilean coast. This study is also the first report of parasitism in anchovies from Valdivia.Key words: Ecological patterns, local variability, biological markers, ecological stocks Variación local y geográfica de las infracomunidades de parásitos de la anchoveta Engraulis ringens en ChileLocal and geographical variation of parasite infracommunities of the anchovy Engraulis ringens off Chile
The aim of this study was to analyse sports habits in Spanish adults according to the temporal aspects of the activities, gender and social class. The research followed a cross-sectional quantitative methodology. The sample was made up of 3.463 people, 1.732 men (46.6 ± 9.7 years) and 1.731 women (44.5 ± 9.6 years). Twostep cluster and classification tree (Exhaustive-Chi-squared Automa -tic Interaction Detection) multivariate models were used to identify the best predictor variables on the temporal aspects of the sports activities. The results show that women and older people have fewer sports habits.Keywords: physical activity and sport; age; gender; educational level and social class. ResumenEl objetivo principal de este estudio fue analizar los hábitos deportivos de los adultos españoles según los aspectos temporales de las actividades, el género y la clase social. La investigación siguió una metodología cuantitativa y transversal. La muestra estuvo formada por 3,463 personas, 1,732 hombres (46,6 ± 9,7 años) y 1,731 mujeres (44,5 ± 9,6 años). Se ha realizado un método de análisis multivariante (análisis cluster) a través de la técnica del árbol de decisión (CHAID exhaustivo) para identificar las mejores variables predictivas en los aspectos temporales de las actividades deportivas. Los resultados muestran que las mujeres y las personas mayores son los grupos que tienen menos hábitos deportivos.Palabras clave: Actividad Física y Deporte; edad; género; nivel educativo y clase social.
Abstract.-A comparative analysis of the parasite fauna of the southern blue whiting Micromesistius australis was carried out on 165 specimens caught around the southern cone of South America in 4 fishing zones, three from the Pacific Ocean (South to Golfo de Penas, Diego Ramírez Islands and Navarino Island) and one from the Atlantic Ocean (Malvinas Islands). The goal was to detect possible population units or migratory patterns of the southern blue whiting. Fish samples from the Pacific Ocean were collected between October and December 2006 while those from Malvinas Islands were taken in December 2007. A total of 7,621 parasite individuals were collected and determined as members of 19 nominal taxa. The parasite fauna composition was similar between fishing areas but statistical analyses revealed significant differences in absolute and relative abundances of several taxa in infracommunities. After adjusting by the effect of host body size, it was found that the fishing zone had a significant effect on variations in total abundance, taxonomic richness, diversity and composition of parasite infracommunities. Some of these variations might correspond to the different local ecological scenarios in which the southern whiting inhabit around the southern cone of South America, and indicate that southern blue whiting stay and move differentially among fishing zones. These observations allow us to conclude that southern blue whiting do not constitute an ecologically homogeneous unit across the study area.
El deporte ha sido históricamente un lugar de dominación masculina, reservado a un único colectivo: los hombres que cumplen con los requisitos de lo que Connell (1995) denomina masculinidad hegemónica (heterosexualidad, desarrollo físico, poca afectividad). Dicha dominación explica la escasa participación de las mujeres y el rechazo de la homosexualidad en la práctica deportiva. A pesar del cambio social experimentado en las sociedades avanzadas, el deporte sigue siendo uno de los pilares más acentuados de la dominación androcéntrica, con gran hostilidad hacia la presencia de gays y lesbianas en sus espacios de práctica, determinando estructural y simbólicamente la institución deportiva. Este artículo analiza el estado de la cuestión de la historia del deporte homosexual, los avances legislativos y normativos, y las principales líneas de investigación que desde las ciencias sociales se han desarrollado hasta nuestros días.
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