Effluents from petrochemical operations are generally considered to be harmful to the environment particularly due to their accumulated levels of petroleum hydrocarbons which distort the properties of the habitat immediate to such facilities. This study was undertaken to compare and appraise the petroleum hydrocarbon constituents from oily sludge discharge as well as changes in the physicochemical composition of soils within an 8.5 km radius from Warri refinery in Delta State, Nigeria. Data obtained revealed an almost identical acidic soil environment (5.31 -5.54) to that of the contaminating sludge (5.25) unlike that of the control (7.81). The overall levels of sulphate (412.73 -465.13 mg/l), electrical conductivity (0.44 -0.57 µs/cm), organic carbon (10.02 -18.22%), oil and grease (96077 -587642 mg/kg) were observed to be higher across all tested soil samples in comparison to that of the control sample; 56.73 mg/l, 0.26 µs/cm, 4.25%, 1032 mg/kg in that order while that of the total nitrogen (0.08 -0.44%) and phosphorus (8.72 -12.40% ) were low
Soybean (Glycine max), is a species of legume widely grown for its edible bean which has numerous uses.Soybeans are an important source of not only proteins, but carbohydrates, fats, and many essential vitamins and minerals. So, they facilitate normal growth and development in young children. In this study, the phytoconstituents, proximate composition and mineral contents of soybean flour was evaluated using standard processing techniques. The preliminary phytochemical screening indicated the presence of phenols, cardiac glycosides, steroids, saponins, flavonoids in both the methanol and aqueous extracts. The quantitative phytochemical screening showed that saponin had the highest content (18.4%) followed by phenol (16.8%) and flavonoids (12.4%) while phytate was the least (0.07%). The proximate composition was in this order: protein >carbohydrate > crude fat > moisture > crude fibre > ash content which showed that the soy flour is relatively high in protein. The minerals analyzed for were: Ca (231.6), Fe (5.790), Mg (249.8), Zn (2.414) and Mn (0.651) which were within the FAO/WHO standards for metals in foods.
Water is one of the most important global requirements for every activity in life including agricultural irrigation. Water if polluted, creates direct problems of alkalinity/salinity/toxicity to agricultural farms, thereby negatively affecting the quality and nutritional value of cultivated crops. This study was carried out to evaluate the physicochemical parameters of river water from eight different rivers within Gwagwalada Area Council of the FCT, using standard methods. These parameters were determined during wet and dry seasons and the results showed seasonal variations of all the parameters. Means of seasonal values of pH ranged between 6.37 - 7.95, temperature 22.40 – 27.100°C and electrical conductivity 124.55 μS/cm – 312.32 μS/cm. The mean values of Dissolve oxygen (DO) and Dissolved solid (DS) in the two seasons (wet and dry) were 3.37 mg/l – 9.39 mg/l and 67.76 mg/l - 151.23 mg/l respectively. For sulphate, phosphate, nitrate and turbidity, the mean values for wet and dry seasons ranged between 42.94 – 98.98 mg/l, 0.98 – 3.56 mg/l, 4.98 – 11.94 and 4.90 – 47.32 NTU respectively. Other parameters are potassium 3.12-6.56 mg/l, sodium 13.78 -24.33 mg/l, magnesium 3.76 – 8.90 mg/l and calcium 9.78 – 19.87 mg/l. These chemical parameters also showed significant seasonal variation. The results of the analyses indicated that some of the parameters fall within the recommended limits and thus largely suitable for irrigation and domestic purposes.
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