works now as a business consultant for governmental and non-governmental organizationsThis paper presents new terms for analyzing individuals' national attitudes and their conceptualization and operationalization, a universal psychological structure in which these concepts interconnect, and a nationalism explanatory model. Three empirical studies using anonymous self-administered surveys served to test and improve national attitude assessment and its developmental theory. These empirical studies were conducted in a wellestablished state (the Netherlands), a recently established state (Slovakia), and a region in which a considerable proportion of citizens are striving to develop a new independent state (the Basque Autonomous Community of Spain).The existing nationalism literature is a conceptual labyrinth characterized by questionable instruments, a lack of valid empirical data, and poor explanatory power (Dekker, 2001;Dekker & Malová, 1995). The concept "nationalism" has different meanings relating to various levels of analysis: nationalism as an ideology, a movement, the process of "nation" and "nation-state" building, and an individual's political orientation. Moreover, several different types and intensities of nationalism are distinguished in disconnected ways. A prime example is that the notion of nationalism is often confused with other national orientations, such as

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