Television viewing among infants and toddlers is associated with irregular sleep schedules. More research is warranted to determine whether this association is causal.

Studies report that women use as much or more physical intimate partner violence (IPV) as men. Most of these studies measure IPV by counting the number of IPV acts over a specified time period, but counting acts captures only one aspect of this complex phenomenon. To inform interventions, women’s motivations for using IPV must be understood. A systematic review therefore was conducted to summarize evidence regarding women’s motivations for the use of physical IPV in heterosexual relationships. Four published literature databases were searched, and. articles that met inclusion criteria were abstracted. This was supplemented with a bibliography search and expert consultation. Eligible studies included English-language publications that directly investigated heterosexual women’s motivations for perpetrating non-lethal, physical IPV. Of the 144 potentially eligible articles, 23 met inclusion criteria. Over two-thirds of studies enrolled participants from IPV shelters, courts, or batterers’ treatment programs. Women’s motivations were primarily assessed through interviews or administration of an author-created questionnaire. Anger and not being able to get a partner’s attention were pervasive themes. Self-defense and retaliation also were commonly cited motivations, but distinguishing the two was difficult in some studies. Control was mentioned, but not listed as a primary motivation. IPV prevention and treatment programs should explore ways to effectively address women’s relationship concerns and ability to manage anger, and should recognize that women commonly use IPV in response to their partner’s violence.

Background Novel strategies are needed to increase retention in and uptake of prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT) services in sub-Saharan Africa. Objective To determine whether small, increasing cash payments conditional on attending scheduled clinic visits and receiving proposed services can increase the proportions of HIV-infected pregnant women who accept available PMTCT services and remain in care through six weeks postpartum. Methods Newly diagnosed HIV-infected women, ≤32 weeks pregnant, were recruited at antenatal care clinics in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo, and assigned in a 1:1 ratio to an intervention or control group using computer-based randomization. The intervention group received compensation on the condition that they attended scheduled clinic visits and accepted offered PMTCT services ($5, plus $1 increment at each subsequent visit), while the control group received usual care. Outcomes assessed included: 1) retention in care at six weeks postpartum, and 2) to uptake PMTCT services, measured by attendance of all scheduled clinic visits and acceptance of proposed services through six weeks postpartum. Analyses were intent-to-treat. Results Between April 2013 and August 2014, 612 potential participants were identified, 545 were screened, and 433 were enrolled and randomized. At six weeks post-partum, the proportion of participants retained in care was higher in the intervention group than the control group (174/216, 80·6% vs. 157/217, 72·4%; risk ratio (RR), 1·11; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1·00–1·24). The proportion of participants who attended all clinic visits and accepted proposed services was higher in the intervention group than the control group (146/216, 67·6% vs. 116/217, 53·5%; RR, 1·26; 95% CI, 1·08–1·48). Results were similar after adjusting for marital status, age, and education. Conclusions Among newly diagnosed HIV-infected women, small, incremental cash incentives resulted in increased retention along the PMTCT cascade and uptake of available services. The cost-effectiveness of these incentives and their effect on HIV-free survival warrant further investigation.