A novel dual-frequency pattern is developed which combines a high-frequency sinusoid component with a unit-frequency sinusoid component, where the high-frequency component is used to generate robust phase information, and the unit-frequency component is used to reduce phase unwrapping ambiguities. With our proposed pattern scheme, phase unwrapping can overcome the major shortcomings of conventional spatial phase unwrapping: phase jumping and discontinuities. Compared with conventional temporal phase unwrapped approaches, the proposed pattern scheme can achieve higher quality phase data using a less number of patterns. To process data in real time, we also propose and develop look-up table based fast and accurate algorithms for phase generation and 3-D reconstruction. Those fast algorithms can be applied to our pattern scheme as well as traditional phase measuring profilometry. For a 640 x 480 video stream, we can generate phase data at 1063.8 frames per second and full 3-D coordinate point clouds at 8.3 frames per second. These achievements are 25 and 10 times faster than previously reported studies.

Gliosis is a biological process that occurs during injury repair in the central nervous system and is characterized by the overexpression of the intermediate filaments (IFs) glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin. A common thread in manyThe overexpression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) 2 with vimentin is a hallmark of reactive gliosis in the central nervous system (CNS) (1, 2). These intermediate filaments (IFs) are expressed by reactive astrocytes and macro-and microglia during traumatic and inflammatory injury and in a range of CNS degenerative diseases (2). In fact, an enigma of major retinal diseases, including age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and retinopathy of prematurity, is retinal gliosis, for which there is no available clinical treatment (3-5).Important fundamental insights on the structural and mechanical functions of IFs (6, 7) have now been validated in mouse lines deficient in type III IFs (2). These studies have illuminated that, whereas overexpression of vimentin and GFAP during CNS stress response and injury repair contributes to scar formation (8), their deficiency can be protective of tissue functions in certain contexts. For instance, pathogenic angiogenesis is impaired in vimentin-deficient (Vim KO) mice due to the decreased ability of newly formed blood vessels to cross the retinal inner limiting membrane in the model of hypoxia-induced retinal neovascularization (9). Interestingly, that study also identified in vimentin and GFAP double deficient (Vim GFAP dKO) mice, and to a lesser extent in Vim KO mice, that the retinal ganglion layer is highly sensitive to mechanical stress, which was not observed in GFAP KO mice. Pathological neovascularization was also reduced in Vim KO mice in the corneal alkali injury model (10) and delayed vascularization in skin injury model (11), which is attributed to defective vascular endothelial cell integrity (12), because vimentin is the sole type III IF expressed in endothelial cells (13). On the other hand, Vim GFAP dKO mice subjected to spinal cord or brain injury recover favorably with improvement of glial scars (14). In fact, the complete absence of type III IFs in Vim GFAP dKO mice helps promote axonal regeneration and regain ambulatory function after spinal cord injury (15). These Vim GFAP dKO

Phase measuring profilometry is a method of structured light illumination whose three-dimensional reconstructions are susceptible to error from nonunitary gamma in the associated optical devices. While the effects of this distortion diminish with an increasing number of employed phase-shifted patterns, gamma distortion may be unavoidable in real-time systems where the number of projected patterns is limited by the presence of target motion. A mathematical model is developed for predicting the effects of nonunitary gamma on phase measuring profilometry, while also introducing an accurate gamma calibration method and two strategies for minimizing gamma's effect on phase determination. These phase correction strategies include phase corrections with and without gamma calibration. With the reduction in noise, for three-step phase measuring profilometry, analysis of the root mean squared error of the corrected phase will show a 60x reduction in phase error when the proposed gamma calibration is performed versus 33x reduction without calibration.

Background: Withaferin A (WFA) is a vimentin-targeting inhibitor that has potent anti-proliferative activity. Results: WFA protects against corneal fibrosis by down-regulating injury-induced vimentin to exert epithelial cell cycle arrest and inhibit myofibroblast expression, which is a mechanism closely mimicked in vimentin-deficient mice during injury healing. Conclusion: Vimentin is a novel fibrosis target. Significance: Ocular fibrotic conditions that overexpress vimentin could be treatable with WFA.

Based on recent discoveries, we introduce a method to project a single structured pattern onto an object and then reconstruct the three-dimensional range from the distortions in the reflected and captured image. Traditional structured light methods require several different patterns to recover the depth, without ambiguity or albedo sensitivity, and are corrupted by object movement during the projection/ capture process. Our method efficiently combines multiple patterns into a single composite pattern projection allowing for real-time implementations. Because structured light techniques require standard image capture and projection technology, unlike time of arrival techniques, they are relatively low cost.