Abstract. The power of Web Service (WS) technology lies in the fact that it establishes a common, vendor-neutral platform for integrating distributed computing applications, in intranets as well as the Internet at large. Semantic Web Services (SWSs) promise to provide solutions to the challenges associated with automated discovery, dynamic composition, enactment, and other tasks associated with managing and using service-based systems. One of the barriers to a wider adoption of SWS technology is the lack of tools for creating SWS specifications. OWL-S is one of the major SWS description languages. This paper presents an OWL-S Editor, whose objective is to allow easy, intuitive OWL-S service development and to provide a variety of special-purpose capabilities to facilitate SWS design. The editor is implemented as a plugin to the Protégé OWL ontology editor, and is being developed as open-source software.
Requirements are informal and semi-formal descriptions of the expected behavior of a complex system from the viewpoints of its stakeholders (customers, users, operators, designers, and engineers). However, for the purpose of design, testing, and verification for critical systems, we can transform requirements into formal models that can be analyzed automatically. ARSENAL is a framework and methodology for systematically transforming natural language (NL) requirements into analyzable formal models and logic specifications. These models can be analyzed for consistency and implementability. The ARSENAL methodology is specialized to individual domains, but the approach is general enough to be adapted to new domains. IntroductionNatural language (NL) processing and understanding is becoming increasingly important in the field of requirements engineering. Requirements specify important properties of software systems, e.g., conditions required to achieve an objective, or desired system invariants. Requirements in formal languages are precise and useful for checking consistency and verifying properties, but can be cumbersome to specify. As a result, stakeholders often prefer writing NL requirements -these can be written easily without burden of formal rigor, but can be inherently imprecise, incomplete, and ambiguous. NL descriptions and formal modeling languages each offer distinct advantages to the system designer -we aim to leverage the best of both, to aid the system designer in coming up with the first-cut of a formal model from NL requirements in an automated fashion. This model can then be refined through iterations with the human in the loop -this could enable cost reduction in system design, while providing high levels of assurance for critical systems. The main objective of this paper is to answer the question: "Can we design such a methodology that combines the strengths of natural and formal languages for requirements engineering?" With this goal in mind, we present the methodology of ARSENAL: "Automatic Requirements Specification Extraction from Natural Language'.In this paper, we focus on mapping NL requirements to transition systems expressed in SAL and logic specifications in Linear Temporal Logic (LTL), for safety critical systems. SAL [BGL + 00] is a formal language for specifying transition systems in a compositional way (details in Section 3.2), while LTL [MP92] is a logic for describing temporal properties. Figure 1 shows a set of requirements from the FAA-Isolette domain and the SAL model snippet automatically generated by ARSENAL -it shows how different parts of the SAL model are constructed from different requirements sentences. This is a simple model generated automatically by ARSENAL from 4 requirements sentences -in some of our domains, ARSENAL was able to generate a full model from 30+ requirements sentences in an automated fashion, which is a non-trivial task even for expert human users. ARSENAL is able to create a complete formal model from a set of NL requirements sentences by using a combin...
Abstract-We argue for a policy-based approach to increase spectrum availability. To this extend, we briefly summarize a new language for expressing policies that allow opportunistic spectrum access. A Policy Reasoner that reasons about these policies can be used with cognitive radios to guarantee policyspecified behaviors while allowing spectrum sharing. We present our policy reasoner design and we evaluated the reasoner in a demonstration. We describe the policies used in that demonstration and the results of the evaluation.
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