Raising the automation level in cars is an imaginable scenario for the future in order to improve traffic safety. However, as long as there are situations that cannot be handled by the automation, the driver has to be enabled to take over the driving task in a safe manner. The focus of the current study is to understand at which point in time a driver's attention must be directed back to the driving task. To investigate this issue, an experiment was conducted in a dynamic driving simulator and two takeover times were examined and compared to manual driving. The conditions of the experiment were designed to examine the takeover process of inattentive drivers engaged in an interaction with a tablet computer. The results show distinct automation effects in both takeover conditions. With shorter takeover time, decision making and reactions are faster but generally worse in quality.
Human-machine systems with shared authority can be observed in different domains of assistance systems. This article creates a taxonomy of the most important aspects of human-machine cooperation in five layers: intention, modes of cooperation, allocation, interfaces and contact. This is investigated with help of driver assistance and HumanRobot Interaction. Furthermore, a perspective for possibilities of cross-domain generalization is given. Zusammenfassung Mensch-Maschine-Systeme mit geteilter Autorität entwickeln sich in vielen Domänen der Assistenzsysteme. Dieser Beitrag stellt die wichtigsten Aspekte der Mensch-MaschineKooperation in fünf Ebenen der Intention, Kooperationsmodi, Allokation, Schnittstellen und Kontakt dar. Dies wird anhand der Beispiele Fahrerassistenz und Mensch-Roboter-Interaktion beleuchtet. Weiterhin wird ein Ausblick auf Möglichkeiten zur domänenübergreifenden Generalisierung gegeben.
The increasing traffic volume confronts the road user with a challenging task. The high number of traffic deaths might not be reducible with passive safety alone. However systems that actively influence the guidance of vehicles, like assistance and automation systems, can make a difference towards higher safety, comfort and efficiency. Some of these systems completely take over single subtasks like speed or distance control. This, in turn can lead to effects like "out of the loop", where the driver withdraws from the actual task and even stops monitoring. In order to realize a safe automation system, the project H-Mode follows an approach where both, driver and assistance system are simultaneously affecting the vehicle, whereby the operator is kept in the loop and active. Moreover a haptic-multimodal communication between driver and automation is established by using active interfaces. Regarding this communication alternative control elements, especially two dimensional ones have to be considered.The study presented in this paper compares conventional interfaces (steering wheel and pedals) with different configurations of an active side stick. It is shown, that two dimensional elements have the potential to combine the driverautomation communication with acceptable drivability.
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