From the aspect of biomechanics, an FC crown with a 1-mm access hole is recommended when a combined cement- and screw-retained crown was used in the posterior region.

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A sensitive and reliable ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was developed for quantitation of plantamajoside in rat plasma. First, this study compared the pharmacokinetic properties of plantamajoside after oral administration of Plantago asiatica extract and pure plantamajoside in rat plasma with approximately the same dosage of 8.98 mg/kg. Second, chromatographic separation was performed on an Acquity HSS C column (50 × 2.1 mm, p.d.1.7 μm) with isocratic elution using methanol-water (80:20, v/v) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.25 mL/min. The calibration curves were linear over the range of 0.1-100 ng/mL for plantamajoside. At different time points (0, 0.083, 0.167, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8 h) after administration, the concentrations of plantamajoside in plasma were measured and the main pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated. The study indicates that the pharmacokinetics of plantamajoside in rat plasma have significant differences between two groups.

PurposeThe present study was performed to detect the prevalence of myopia among primary-school students in Xi'an, north-western of China.MethodsThe present study was a school-based study with students aged from 6 to 13 years old. All the individuals underwent ophthalmological examination and spherical equivalent (SE) of refractive error were measured with non-cycloplegic refraction. Myopia was defined as a SE of ≤ -0.5 diopters (D), and further divided into three stratified groups based on SE: low myopia (≤ -0.5 to >-3.0 D), moderate myopia (≤ -3.0 to >-6.0 D), and high myopia (≤ -6.0 D). Relative risk factors, including age, sex, grade and ethnicity were investigated using questionnaire.ResultsA total of 4,680 individuals were eligible for this survey and 4,654 (99.4% participation rate) were finally included (51.2% boys). The mean age of participants was 8.756 ± 1.727 years. The whole city-level prevalence of total myopia was 57.1% (95% CI: 55.7–58.6%). Additionally, the prevalence of low, moderate, and high myopia was 45.0% (95% CI: 43.5–46.4%), 11.1% (95% CI: 10.2–12.0%), and 1.0% (95% CI: 0.7–1.3%), respectively. Moreover, grade (education level) instead of age, sex and ethnicity was the most essential risk factor for prevalence of overall myopia (OR = 1.844, 95% CI: 1.605–2.119), and an increase of prevalence by 84.4% per grade was seen. Furthermore, similar associations of grade were significant with low myopia (OR = 1.613, 95% CI: 1.385–1.877) and moderate myopia (OR = 2.186, 95% CI: 1.693–2.823), meanwhile, prevalence of low myopia and moderate myopia demonstrated an increase of prevalence by 61.3 and 118.6% per grade, respectively. None of the factors included in the present study was significant risk factor for high myopia.ConclusionsThe present study investigated a non-negligible high prevalence of myopia among primary-school students in Xi'an, north-western of China, and a gradual increasing in proportion with education level.

The aim of the present study was to elucidate the evolutionary trajectory of colon cells from normal colon mucosa, to adenoma, then to carcinoma in the same microenvironment. Normal colon, adenoma and carcinoma tissues from the same patient were analyzed by single-cell sequencing, which perfectly simulated the process of time-dependent colon cancer due to the same microenvironment. A total of 22 cell types were identified. Results suggest the presence of dominant clones of same cells including C2 goblet cell, epithelial cell subtype 1 (Epi1), enterocyte cell subset 0 (Entero0), and Entero5 in carcinoma. Epi1 and Entero0 were Co-enriched in antibacterial and IL-17 signaling, Entero5 was enriched in immune response and mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis. We discovered new colon cancer related genes including AC007952.4, NEK8, CHRM3, ANO7, B3GNT6, NEURL1, ODC1 and KCNMA1. The function of TBC1D4, LTB, C2CD4A, AND GBP4/5 in T cells needs to be clarified. We used colon samples from the same person, which provide new information for colon cancer therapy.