Northumbria University has developed Northumbria Research Link (NRL) to enable users to access the University's research output. Copyright © and moral rights for items on NRL are retained by the individual author(s) and/or other copyright owners. Single copies of full items can be reproduced, displayed or performed, and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided the authors, title and full bibliographic details are given, as well as a hyperlink and/or URL to the original metadata page. The content must not be changed in any way. Full items must not be sold commercially in any format or medium without formal permission of the copyright holder. The full policy is available online: http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/policies.html This document may differ from the final, published version of the research and has been made available online in accordance with publisher policies. To read and/or cite from the published version of the research, please visit the publisher's website (a subscription may be required.)Author's Accepted Manuscript This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting galley proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. AbstractSodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are attracting considerable attention with expectation of replacing lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in large-scale energy storage systems (ESSs).To explore high performance anode materials for SIBs is highly desired subject to the current anode research mainly limited to carbonaceous materials. In this study, a series of transition metal oxides (TMOs) is successfully demonstrated as anodes forSIBs for the first time. The sodium uptake/extract is confirmed in the way of reversible conversion reaction. The pseudocapacitance-type behavior is also observed in the contribution of sodium capacity. For Fe 2 O 3 anode, a reversible capacity of 386 mAh g -1 at 100 mA g -1 is achieved over 200 cycles; as high as 233 mAhg -1 is sustained even cycling at a large current-density of 5 A g -1 .
7479wileyonlinelibrary.com sodium resources, SIBs are more attractive for grid distribution systems. To date, the study of cathode materials for SIBs, such as various layered oxides, [6][7][8][9][10] polyanionic compounds, [11][12][13][14] and Prussian-blue-based materials, [15][16][17] is very progressive. [ 18 ] Nevertheless, developing durable and high-capacity anode materials is still a major issue. [ 19 ] Even though tremendous efforts have been devoted to developing anode materials for SIBs, including carbonaceous materials, [20][21][22][23][24][25] transition metal oxides, [26][27][28][29][30] intermetallic compounds, [31][32][33][34] etc., most of these reported materials still exhibit low reversible capacities or poor cycle life. Notably, their sodium storage performance is very inferior as compared with lithium storage, which might be induced by the sluggish sodiation/desodiation reaction kinetics. Therefore, it is highly desirable and greatly challenging to develop a robust anode material with high specifi c capacity and good cycling stability for sodium storage. Similar to transition metal oxides, most metal sulfi des are capable of storing lithium or sodium via the conversion reaction or a combined conversion-alloying reaction, and they possess promisingly high theoretical capacities. [35][36][37][38][39] Basically, metal sulfi des exhibit higher electrical conductivity than metal oxides, and this unique property is critical for accelerating reaction kinetics, especially for sodiation/desodiation reactions. [ 40,41 ] In terms of lithium storage, much encouraging progress on metal sulfi de anodes has been reported. [42][43][44] Recently, several metal sulfi des (SnS 2 , [ 35,[45][46][47] MoS 2 , [48][49][50] CoS x ( x = 1,2), [ 36,[51][52][53] and FeS 2[ 54 ] ) have been experimentally investigated as anode materials for SIBs and have shown very impressive sodium storage performances. It should also be mentioned, however, that metal sulfi des still suffer from huge volume changes caused by the conversion reaction during the lithiation/delithiation or sodiation/desodiation reactions. [55][56][57] This would lead to electrode cracking, pulverization, and disconnection from current collectors over the course of cycling, eventually resulting in rapid capacity fading. To mitigate the rapid capacity fading induced by the large volume expansion, developing hierarchical and hollow structures, with nanosized building blocks, a porous shell, and an interior cavity has been demonstrated to be a very effective approach. [ 40,[58][59][60][61] On the one hand, the porous shells and hollow structures provide enough spaces to buffer the strain induced by the volumetric expansion/shrinkage during repeated insertion/extraction of Li + or Na + . In addition, the hollow spheres are loosely stacked, Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are considered as promising alternatives to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for energy storage due to the abundance of sodium, especially for grid distribution systems. The practical implementation of ...
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