Management of biological nitrogen fixation in common bean still requires improvement. The objective of this study was to verify the compatibility of nitrogen fertilization with biological N 2 fixation to increase common bean yield and profitability. Four field experiments were performed in four municipalities of Minas Gerais, Brazil, during the 2009 and 2010 winter crop season. The 2009 crop experiments were set up under a no-till system and the 2010 crop was conducted using conventional tillage. A randomized block experimental design was used with four replications and seven treatments combining application rates of mineral N (at sowing and/or topdressing) and seed inoculation with Rhizobium tropici strain CIAT899. Inoculation with 20 kg ha -1 N-urea at sowing and seed inoculation does not interfere with nodule dry matter and promotes yield comparable to that observed with 80 kg ha -1 N-urea with economic profitability in both no-till and conventional tillage systems. These results show the possibility of economic savings with respect to N fertilizers, but also a significant ecological contribution by avoiding problems associated with misuse of these fertilizers, such as eutrophication of waterways and denitrification.
Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do pH do meio de cultivo na eficiência simbiótica de estirpes de Rhizobium, em solo com e sem calagem. Foram realizados experimentos em casa de vegetação, com e sem calagem, e no campo, apenas com calagem. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições, e os tratamentos foram cinco estirpes de Rhizobium (UFLA 02-100, UFLA 02-68, UFLA 04-195, UFLA 04-202 e CIAT 899), cultivadas em meio de cultura 79 com diferentes valores de pH (5,0, 6,0 e 6,9), e testemunhas sem inoculação, com ou sem nitrogênio mineral. Foram avaliados número e massa de matéria seca de nódulos, massa de matéria seca da parte aérea, eficiência relativa, teor e acúmulo de nitrogênio na parte aérea e nos grãos, número de vagens por planta, número de grãos por vagem e rendimento e massa de 100 grãos. O valor de pH ideal para o meio de cultivo variou com as estirpes e com a variável analisada. Os tratamentos que receberam calagem foram superiores aos demais. No campo, independentemente do pH do inoculante, as populações nativas do solo e as estirpes introduzidas promoveram rendimento de grãos semelhante ao da testemunha com 70 kg ha -1 de N e ao da estirpe referência CIAT 899.Termos para indexação: Phaseolus vulgaris, Rhizobium, acidez, fixação biológica de nitrogênio, inoculante. Symbiosis of nitrogen fixing bacteria with common bean in different pH valuesAbstract -The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the culture medium pH in the symbiotic effectiveness of Rhizobium strains in soil, with and without liming. Assays were performed in greenhouse, with and without liming, and in the field, with liming. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four replicates, and treatments were five strains (UFLA 02-100, UFLA 02-68, UFLA 04-195, UFLA 04-202 and CIAT 899), grown in a 79 culture medium with different pH values (5.0, 6.0 and 6.9), and two controls without inoculation: with or without mineral nitrogen. Variables analyzed were number and weight of dry nodules, shoot dry matter, relative efficiency, nitrogen content and accumulation in shoots and grains, number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod, and yield and weight of 100 grains. The optimum pH value for the culture medium varied with the strains and the variable analyzed. Treatments with liming were superior to the others. In the field, regardless of the inoculant pH, the native soil populations and the introduced strains promoted grain yields similar to those of the control with 70 kg ha -1 of N and to those of the reference strain CIAT 899.
The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of the addition of two Lactobacillus strains on the aerobic stability of the sugar cane (Saccharum spp.) silages. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with three replicates in split-plot in time scheme, so that the treatments (silages without inoculant and with novel strain or commercial inoculants) were randomized on plot and in times of aerobic evaluation of the silages (zero, two, four, and six days after the opening of the silos) as subplots. The loss of stability of silages was continuous during the time of aerobic exposure. Inoculants influenced the changes in populations of lactic acid bacteria and yeasts and in the ammoniacal nitrogen, acetic acid and ethanol concentrations. The dry matter, crude protein, soluble carbohydrates contents and pH values showed similar changes in all three silages studied. A linear increase in crude protein content and pH values and decrease in the soluble carbohydrates content were observed. The dry matter contents increased to a maximum of 335 g/kg on fresh matter at four days, followed by reduction after six days. The results showed that the use of inoculants is recommended because it promoted higher production of acetic and propionic acids, reducing the population of yeast and, therefore, improving the aerobic stability of silages
Symbiosis of common bean with nitrogen-fixing bacteria can lead to a reduction in production costs and in environmental impacts. Considering the diversity of soils and climates, it is important to validate bacterial strains under different conditions to consolidate their recommendation as inoculants. Studies concerning the economic viability of Rhizobium inoculation in common bean are few, but they could assist in choosing the strain to be adopted. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of Rhizobium strains isolated from acid soils from the Amazon inoculated in seeds of the 'BRSMG Madrepérola' cultivar and to evaluate the economic viability of their use in the field. Four field experiments were conducted in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. A randomized block experimental design was used with four replications and seven treatments: inoculation with the strains CIAT 899 (Rhizobium tropici), UFLA 02-100 (R. etli), UFLA 02-68 (R. etli bv. mimosae), UFLA 02-127 (R. leguminosarum bv. phaseoli), and UFLA 04-173 (R. miluonense), plus two controls, one without inoculation + mineral nitrogen (N-urea) at a rate of 80 kg N ha -1 and another without inoculation and without mineral N. The strain CIAT 899 is already recommended for the manufacture of commercial inoculants, and the others, collected in the Amazon region, have proven to be highly effective in biological nitrogen fixation. Symbiosis of common bean with all the strains evaluated leads to satisfactory yields, with reduction in the application rate of mineral nitrogen and in environmental impacts and, consequently, reduction in economic costs, with higher profitability.
ABSTRACT. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of foliar application of molybdenum and small dose of nitrogen at planting on common bean production when using seed inoculation with rhizobia. Two field experiments were conducted, applying a randomized block design and a factorial arrangement (3x2x2) + 1, with three replicates. Treatments consisted of inoculation with Rhizobium spp. (strain CIAT 899 T , strain UFLA 02-100, and uninoculated), foliar application of molybdenum (0 and 80 g ha applied as topdressing. The foliar application of molybdenum did not favor the nodulation, but its effect on yield was dependent on the chemical soil characteristics, providing highest yield in soil at Patos de Minas with pH more acid and with higher phosphorus and organic matter concentrations. Small dose of nitrogen applied at planting did not reduce nodulation of bean inoculated with rhizobia, but it can reduce the seeds emergence, thus negatively affecting yield. The native rhizobia promoted nodulation, the plant growth, shoot N accumulation and yield similar to the treatments that received inoculations of rhizobia strains.Keywords: Phaseolus vulgaris L., biological nitrogen fixation, nutrients.Adubações nitrogenada e molíbdica e inoculação com Rhizobium spp. no feijoeiro-comum em dois latossolos RESUMO. Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da aplicação foliar de molibdênio e do emprego de pequena dose de nitrogênio no plantio sobre a produção do feijoeiro quando se utiliza a inoculação das sementes com rizóbio. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos em campo, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, esquema fatorial (3x2x2) + 1, com três repetições. Os tratamentos foram inoculação (estirpe CIAT 899 T , estirpe UFLA 02-100 e ausência de inoculação), aplicação foliar de molibdênio (0 e 80 g ha -1) e de nitrogênio na semeadura (0 e 20 kg ha -1 ), mais tratamento adicional com N (40 na semeadura e 40 kg ha -1 na cobertura). A aplicação foliar de molibdênio não favoreceu a nodulação, mas seu efeito sobre o rendimento de grãos foi dependente das características químicas do solo, fornecendo maior produtividade em solo de Patos de Minas, com pH mais ácido e maiores teores de fósforo e matéria orgânica. Pequena dose de nitrogênio no plantio não reduziu a nodulação do feijoeiro inoculado com rizóbio, mas pode reduzir a emergência das sementes, com reflexo negativo na produtividade. Os rizóbios nativos proporcionaram nodulação, crescimento vegetal, acúmulo de nitrogênio na parte aérea e rendimento equivalentes aos tratamentos inoculados com as estirpes de rizóbio. Palavras-chave:Phaseolus vulgaris L., fixação biológica de nitrogênio, nutrientes.
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