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Photoluminescence and secondary ion mass spectrometry investigation of unintentional doping in epitaxial germanium thin films grown on III-V compound by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition

In the present study, we screened blood DNA samples obtained from cattle bred in Brazil (n=164) and Ghana (n=80) for Babesia bovis using a diagnostic PCR assay and found prevalences of 14.6% and 46.3%, respectively. Subsequently, the genetic diversity of B. bovis in Thailand, Brazil and Ghana was analyzed, based on the DNA sequence of merozoite surface antigen-1 (MSA-1). In Thailand, MSA-1 sequences were relatively conserved and found in a single clade of the phylogram, while Brazilian MSA-1 sequences showed high genetic diversity and were dispersed across three different clades. In contrast, the sequences from Ghanaian samples were detected in two different clades, one of which contained only a single Ghanaian sequence. The identities among the MSA-1 sequences from Thailand, Brazil and Ghana were 99.0–100%, 57.5–99.4% and 60.3–100%, respectively, while the similarities among the deduced MSA-1 amino acid sequences within the respective countries were 98.4–100%, 59.4–99.7% and 58.7–100%, respectively. These observations suggested that the genetic diversity of B. bovis based on MSA-1 sequences was higher in Brazil and Ghana than in Thailand. The current data highlight the importance of conducting extensive studies on the genetic diversity of B. bovis before designing immune control strategies in each surveyed country.

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The lattice parameters of BaTiO3–SrTiO3 films prepared by chemcal vapor deposition (CVD) were investigated. When the film thickness was 1500 nm, the lattice parameters were mainly determined by the thermal stress due to the thermal expansion difference between the film and the substrate. The lattice parameters of epitaxially grown SrTiO3 films on (100)MgO substrates increased with decreasing film thickness, while those of polycrystalline films were independent of the film thickness down to 300 nm. They also increased with the Ti/(Sr+Ti) ratio for epitaxially grown 500-nm-thick films, while those of polycrystalline films were independent of Ti/(Sr+Ti) ratio. Large lattice parameters were also observed for the epitaxially grown (Ba0.5Sr0.5)TiO3 film on a (100)MgO substrate but were not observed for the epitaxially grown BaTiO3 film on (100)MgO substrate. These occurrences were closely related to the epitaxial growth of the film.