Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide, and this makes it an attractive disease to review and possibly improve therapeutic treatment options. Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, targeted treatments, and immunotherapy separate or in combination are commonly used to treat lung cancer. However, these treatment types may cause different side effects, and chemotherapy-based regimens appear to have reached a therapeutic plateau. Hence, effective, better-tolerated treatments are needed to address and hopefully overcome this conundrum. Recent advances have enabled biologists to better investigate the potential use of natural compounds for the treatment or control of various cancerous diseases. For the past 30 years, natural compounds have been the pillar of chemotherapy. However, only a few compounds have been tested in cancerous patients and only partial evidence is available regarding their clinical effectiveness. Herein, we review the research on using current chemotherapy drugs and natural compounds (Wortmannin and Roscovitine, Cordyceps militaris, Resveratrol, OSU03013, Myricetin, Berberine, Antroquinonol) and the beneficial effects they have on various types of cancers including non-small cell lung cancer. Based on this literature review, we propose the use of these compounds along with chemotherapy drugs in patients with advanced and/or refractory solid tumours.
Our results suggest that HTS provided better brain relaxation than did mannitol during elective supratentorial brain tumor surgery, whereas it did not affect ICU stays or hospital days.
Angiogenesis is the hallmark of malignant gliomas positively correlated with the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. We previously reported that expression levels of Nodal, a member of transforming growth factor-β super family, correlate with the malignant invasive behavior of human glioma cells. In this study, we show that knockdown of Nodal suppresses glioma angiogenesis by inhibition of VEGF. In human primary glioma specimens, expression of Nodal positively correlates with WHO glioma tumor grades and expression of VEGF in the corresponding glioma specimens. In human U87MG glioma cells, knockdown of endogenous Nodal by RNA interference (RNAi) significantly decreases colony formation and secretion of VEGF. In vivo, cellular depletion of Nodal in U87MG inhibited brain glioma growth and prolonged the survival of mice with U87MG/shNodal glioma compared with controls. Inhibition of Nodal suppressed tumor vessel growth in U87MG gliomas. Using Nodal inhibitor (SB431542), silencing Nodal, or overexpressing Nodal in the U87MG, GBM8401, and GBM glioma cells, our further experiments revealed that Nodal-induced VEGF expression might, at least in part, mediate through the ERK1/2-HIF-1α-mediated signaling pathway. Taken together, our data revealed that alteration of Nodal expression in glioma cells resulted in changes to VEGF secretion, and subsequent colony formation, in vivo tumor growth, and angiogenesis, all of which are consistent with the regulation of VEGF through the ERK1/2-HIF-1α-mediated signaling, suggesting that Nodal may serve as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of human gliomas.
The aim of this study is to analyze the combined impact of preoperative T1 slope (T1S) and C2-C7 sagittal vertical axis (C2-C7 SVA) on determination of cervical alignment after laminoplasty.Forty patients undergoing laminoplasty for cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) with more than 2 years follow-up were enrolled. Three parameters, including cervical lordosis, T1S, and C2-C7 SVA, were measured by preoperative and postoperative radiographs. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis was used to determine the optimal cut-off values of preoperative T1S and C2-C7 SVA for predicting postoperative loss of cervical lordosis. Patients were classified into 4 categories based on cut-off values of preoperative T1S and C2-C7 SVA. The primary outcome was postoperative C2-C7 SVA. Change in radiographic parameters between 4 groups were compared and analyzed.Optimal cut-off values for predicting loss of cervical lordosis were T1S of 20 degrees and C2-C7 SVA of 22 mm. Patients with small C2-C7 SVA, no matter what the value of T1S, got slight loss of cervical lordosis and increase in C2-C7 SVA. Patients with low T1S and large SVA (T1 ≤20° and SVA >22 mm) got postoperative correction of kyphosis and decrease of C2-C7 SVA. However, patients with high T1S and large SVA (T1 >20° and SVA >22 mm) got mean postoperative C2-C7 SVA value of 37.06 mm, close to the threshold value of 40 mm.Determination of cervical alignment after laminoplasty relies on the equilibrium between destruction of cervical structure, kyphotic force, and adaptive compensation of whole spine, lordotic force. Lower T1S means bigger compensatory ability to adjust different severity of cervical sagittal malalignment, and vice versa.
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