Case records of 450 horses with signs of neurological disease are reviewed. One hundred and nineteen horses with neurological disease due to trauma were examined, of which 60 were due to spinal cord trauma, 47 to brain or cranial nerve trauma and 12 to peripheral nerve trauma. Cervical vertebral fractures/trauma were the most common injury. Basisphenoid/basioccipital bone fractures were the most common form of cranial trauma and facial nerve paralysis the most common cranial nerve injury. Eighty-nine horses with neurological disease due to malformation were examined. Cervical vertebral malformation occurred in 83 horses and congenital defects in 6 foals. Neurological disease due to inflammation or infection occurred in 30 horses. The most common disease of this type was meningitis, which occurred in 11 horses and foals. Neoplasms in the CNS caused neurological disease in 8 horses. The final category was miscellaneous neurological disease, which was diagnosed in 204 horses. Diseases in this category included neonatal (28 cases), toxic/metabolic (27 cases), idiopathic (133 cases), degenerative (3 cases) and other neurological diseases (13 cases). The most common condition was idiopathic laryngeal hemiplegia (116 cases). Where possible, diagnosis relied on a thorough neurological examination with use of ancillary tests in selected cases including rhinolaryngoscopy, radiography, myelography, ophthalmoscopy and cerebrospinal fluid analysis when indicated. In many cases necropsy and histopathological confirmation or diagnosis was necessary.
Summary Twenty horses, aged one to 17 years (mean age 6 years), presented for elective destruction and subsequently found at autopsy to have no significant peritoneal alterations, were used to determine a variety of reference values for peritoneal fluid. Samples were collected ante mortem or within 1 h post mortem. Each cavity contained 100 to 300 ml of usually clear, pale yellow fluid which in a clinical refractometer showed a mean specific gravity 1.010 (range 1.0081‐1.0116) and mean (± standard deviation) total protein 7.7 ± 3.6 g/litre. The mean total nucleated cell count (± sd) was 4.33 ± 2.5 times 109/litre (range 1.5–10.1 times 109/litre) and, proportionally, polymorphonuclear leucocytes averaged 45.2 per cent, mononuclear phagocytes 47 per cent, lymphocytes 7.8 per cent, eosinophils 0.7 per cent and basophils and mast cells zero. Eosinophils were not usually seen but 6 samples had 1 to 5 per cent. The peritoneal fluid chemical profile (mean ± sd) was: Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) 118.9 ± 46.9 iu/litre; alkaline phosphatase (AP) 56.0 ± 52.7 iu/litre; lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) 143.0 ± 106.1 iu/litre; total bilirubin (TB) 8.0 ± 6.2 μmol/litre; total protein (TP) (biuret method) 14.2 ± 6.8 g/litre; urea nitrogen (BUN) 6.1 ± 1.1 mmol/litre; glucose 7.7 ± 1.8 mmol/litre; inorganic phosphate (IP) 1.4 ± 0.5 mmol/litre; calcium 2.0 ± 0.2 mmol/litre. TP, BUN, glucose and IP were closely correlated with levels in paired serum samples. Résumé Vingt chevaux âgés de un an à dix sept ans (moyenne d'âge 6 ans), furent euthanasiés. A l'autopsie on n'y trouva aucune lésion péritonéale. En conséquence, on les utilisa afin d'établir des valeurs de référence pour le liquide péritonéal normal. Les échantillons de ce liquide furent prélevés avant la mort ou 1 heure après l'examen post mortem. Chaque cavité abdominale renfermait de 100 à 300 ml de liquide jaune pâle, le plus souvent clair, dont le poids spécifique moyen établi à l'aide d'un réfractomètre était de 1.010 (variations de 1.0081 à 1.0116); le taux moyen de protéines (+ ou—déviation standard) était de 7,7 gr + ou—3,6 gr par litre. Le nombre total de cellules nuclées était de 4,33 ± 2,9 times 109 par litre (variations de 1,5 à 10,1 times 109 par litre). Les leucocytes polynucléaires représentaient 45,2% du total, les mononucléaires phagocytes 47%, les lymphocytes 8%, les éosinophiles 0,7%. Les basophiles étaient absents. Les éosinophiles n'étaient point constamment présents mais 6 prélèvements en renfermaient de 1 à 5%. Le profil chimique du liquide péritonéal a étéétabli: AST, aspartate amino transferase 118,9 ± 46,9 ui par litre; PA, phosphatase alcaline 56,0 ± 52,7 ui par litre; LDH, lactate deshydrogenase 143,0 ± 106,1 iu par litre; bilirubine totale 8,0 ± 6,2 μmol/litre; proteines totales 14,2 ± 6,8 gr/litre; azote de l'urée (BUN) 6,1 ± 1,1 mmol/litre; glucose 7,7 ± 1,8 mmol/litre; PI, phosphate inorganique 1,4 ± 0,5 mmol/litre; calcium 2,0 ± 0,2 mmol/litre. Les quantités de protéines totales, l'azote uréique, de glucose et de phosphates inorganiques variaie...
A series of blood and urine samples was collected from each of eight normal foals between birth and eight weeks. Blood chemistry relating to renal function was evaluated as well as physical and chemical characteristics of urine. During the first 4d of life it was impractical to suggest meaningful normal values due to wide variation among foals and with time. Serum urea and plasma creatinine fell markedly to levels less than those previously reported for normal adult horses, while urine, mildly hypersthenuric at birth, rapidly became hyposthenuric. There was also a marked proteinuria during the first 48h. After 4d clinicopathological values stabilised. Urea and creatinine remained at subadult levels and hyposthenuria was maintained. While there was some variation with time, generally the urinary activity of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) was greater in foals than in adults; plasma potassium, the creatinine clearance ratio of potassium (% Cr K), serum inorganic phosphate and the creatinine clearance ratio of phosphate (% Cr PO4) were greater than in adults while plasma chloride and the creatinine clearance ratio of chloride (% Cr Cl) were lower in foals than in adults. Urinary pH was acidic and epithelial cells and calcium oxalate crystals more prevalent in the urine of foals than in that of adults. The information presented here will be useful in the diagnosis and management of renal disease and azotaemia in foals.
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