Brazil's electric power utilities have commonly employed native timbers as the main material for manufacturing cross-arms for distribution lines. However, the increasingly high costs of these timbers and Brazil's new environmental laws have contributed to change this situation, spurring research on new materials for application in transmission and distribution systems. This paper discusses two reforested wood species, Pinus elliottii and Eucalyptus citriodora, coated with castor oil-based polyurethane resins, as an alternative material for distribution line cross-arms, from the standpoint of their mechanical and electrical properties and their low cost. Numerical simulations and a complete description of the entire coating process are also part of this work
Electromagnetic force with minimum ripple is desirable in many applications. Therefore, the cogging force must be analyzed and solutions for its reduction must be worked out. This paper investigates two possible ways of skewing the magnets of a permanent magnet excited tubular linear synchronous motor to reduce the cogging force. In bioengineering applications, specially upper limb prostheses, minimizing losses is also an issue to prevent tissue overheating, which can lead to hemolysis and thrombogenicity. Hence, the eddy current and hysteresis losses are investigated and related to the ohmic losses.The motor's magnetic, electric and geometric characteristics were obtained by means of classic electrical motor design rules. Firstly, the application demands were specified and according to them, some sizes were defined.
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