An efficiency of 40.7% was measured and independently confirmed for a metamorphic three-junction GaInP∕GaInAs∕Ge cell under the standard spectrum for terrestrial concentrator solar cells at 240 suns (24.0W∕cm2, AM1.5D, low aerosol optical depth, 25°C). This is the initial demonstration of a solar cell with over 40% efficiency, and is the highest solar conversion efficiency yet achieved for any type of photovoltaic device. Lattice-matched concentrator cells have now reached 40.1% efficiency. Electron-hole recombination mechanisms are analyzed in metamorphic GaxIn1−xAs and GaxIn1−xP materials, and fundamental power losses are quantified to identify paths to still higher efficiencies.

This paper describes the design and performance of a photoacoustic aerosol absorption spectrometer (PAS) built for operation on a research aircraft platform. The PAS instrument is capable of measuring dry absorption at 659 nm, 532 nm, and 404 nm, and absorption enhancement due to coatings at 532 nm and 404 nm. The measurement accuracy for all channels is < = 10% and inflight 1 Hz sensitivities lie within the range of 0.5-1.5 Mm −1 . PAS measurements of calibrated absorbing aerosol samples are shown to be consistent with measurements made by a previous generation single channel photo-acoustic instrument. Aircraft data collected during a recent field campaign in California are used to demonstrate the capabilities of the PAS. In combination with an aircraft cavity ring down aerosol extinction spectrometer described in a companion paper, the new PAS instrument provides a sensitive airborne in-situ characterization of aerosol optics.

The concept of boundary layer mixing height for meteorology and air quality applications using lidar data is reviewed, and new algorithms for estimation of mixing heights from various types of lower-tropospheric coherent Doppler lidar measurements are presented. Velocity variance profiles derived from Doppler lidar data demonstrate direct application to mixing height estimation, while other types of lidar profiles demonstrate relationships to the variance profiles and thus may also be used in the mixing height estimate. The algorithms are applied to ship-based, high-resolution Doppler lidar (HRDL) velocity and backscattered-signal measurements acquired on the R/V Ronald H. Brown during Texas Air Quality Study (TexAQS) 2006 to demonstrate the method and to produce mixing height estimates for that experiment. These combinations of Doppler lidar–derived velocity measurements have not previously been applied to analysis of boundary layer mixing height—over the water or elsewhere. A comparison of the results to those derived from ship-launched, balloon-radiosonde potential temperature and relative humidity profiles is presented.

The potential for new 4‐, 5‐, and 6‐junction solar cell architectures to reach 50% efficiency is highly leveraging for the economics of concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) systems.The theoretical performance of such next‐generation cells, and experimental results for 3‐ and 4‐junction CPV cells, are examined here to evaluate their impact for real‐world solar electricity generation. Semiconductor device physics equations are formulated in terms of the band gap‐voltage offset Woc  (Eg/q) − Voc, to give a clearer physical understanding and more general analysis of the multiple subcell band gaps in multijunction cells. Band gap‐voltage offset is shown experimentally to be largely independent of band gap Eg for a wide range of metamorphic and lattice‐matched semiconductors from 0.67 to 2.1 eV. Its theoretical Eg dependence is calculated from that of the radiative recombination coefficient, and at a more fundamental level using the Shockley‐Queisser detailed balance model, bearing out experimental observations. Energy production of 4‐, 5‐, and 6‐junction CPV cells, calculated for changing air mass and spectrum over the course of the day, is found to be significantly greater than for conventional 3‐junction cells. The spectral sensitivity of these next‐generation cell designs is fairly low, and is outweighed by their higher efficiency. Lattice‐matched GaInP/GaInAs/Ge cells have reached an independently confirmed efficiency of 41.6%, the highest efficiency yet demonstrated for any type of solar cell. Light I‐V measurements of this record 41.6% cell, of next‐generation upright metamorphic 3‐junction cells with 40% target production efficiency, and of experimental 4‐junction CPV cells are presented. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Multijunction III-V concentrator cells of several different types have demonstrated solar conversion efficiency over 40% since 2006, and represent the only third-generation photovoltaic technology to enter commercial power generation markets so far. The next stage of solar cell efficiency improvement, from 40% to 50%-efficient production cells, is perhaps the most important yet, since it is in this range that concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) systems can become the lowest cost option for solar electricity, competing with conventional power generation without government subsidies. The impact of 40% and 50% cell efficiency on cost-effective geographic regions for CPV systems is calculated in the continental US, Europe, and North Africa. We take a systematic look at a progression of multijunction cell architectures that will take us up to 50% efficiency, using modeling grounded in well-characterized solar cell materials systems of today's 40% cells, discussing the theoretical, materials science, and manufacturing considerations for the most promising approaches. The effects of varying solar spectrum and current balance on energy production in 4-junction, 5-junction, and 6-junction terrestrial concentrator cells are shown to be noticeable, but are far outweighed by the increased efficiency of these advanced cell designs. Production efficiency distributions of the last five generations of terrestrial concentrator solar cells are discussed. Experimental results are shown for a highly manufacturable, upright metamorphic 3-junction GaInP/GaInAs/Ge solar cell with 41.6% efficiency independently confirmed at 484 suns (48.4 W/cm 2 ) (AM1.5D, ASTM G173-03, 25 C), the highest demonstrated for a cell of this type requiring a single metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy growth run.