Phase-locked loop (PLL) operates at a high frequency and due to the increased switching rate of the circuits, the power consumption is high. Designing a PLL which consumes less power without compromising the frequency of operation is essential. The sub-components of PLL such as the phase frequency detector, charge pump, loop filter, voltage-controlled oscillator, and the frequency divider have to be designed for reduced power consumption. The proposed PLL along with its sub-components have been designed using the CMOS 180nm technology library in the Cadence Virtuoso and simulated using Cadence Spectre with a supply voltage of 1.8V resulting in a 20% reduction in power with a higher frequency of operation compared to the reference PLL architecture. The capture range and lock range of the proposed PLL are 2.09 to 2.14 GHz and 1 to 3.5GHz, respectively. The designed PLL consumes less power and operates at a higher frequency.
ryptography is a technique to secure data transmissions and ensure confiden-tiality, authenticity and integrity of data exchanged over the digital networks by utilizing mathematical algorithms to transform the plain text (original message) to cipher text (encrypted message) using a key or seed value. The general con-sensus regarding the use of non-deterministic true random numbers (TRN) which are generated from the physical environment such as entropy keys, at-mospheric noise, etc., as a public or private key has received limited encour-agement due to the demanding hardware requirements needed to extract the necessary data from the environment. Therefore, this research aims at design-ing and developing a lightweight program to generate a True Random Number (TRNG) key using live audio recordings which is further randomized using system date and time. These TRNs can be used to replace the deterministic pseudo random number cryptographic keys that are presently used by indus-tries for a symmetric key encryption algorithm which devolves the algorithm to being conditionally secured. Using the audio based TRNG key would render the same encryption algorithm as unconditionally secured.
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