Existing job search research has been criticized for ignoring the dynamic nature of search. This study examined three models of changes in search behavior over time: sequential, learned change, and emotional response. Data on search behaviors were collected from a sample of 186 college and vocational‐technical school graduates early in their search, at graduation, and again 3 months following graduation for individuals who remained unemployed. Job searchers decreased the intensity of their search, increased their use of informal sources, and reduced their emphasis on information related to the availability of jobs between early search and graduation. These changes were reversed following graduation. This pattern is most consistent with the sequential model, which suggests that individuals first search broadly to develop a pool of potential jobs, then examine jobs within that pool in detail, reopening the search only if the initial pool does not lead to an acceptable job offer.

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Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.The second edition of Klaus Krippendorff's classic text, Content Analysis: An Introduction to its Methodology, is a thorough, well-written, and engaging description of content analysis, one of the most popular qualitative methodologies used in the social sciences. Krippendorff has substantially updated and rewritten all of the chapters, keeping in mind that his audience includes practicing researchers, social scientists, and students.In the Introduction to his book, Krippendorff reminds the reader that although the term content analysis is about 60 years old, ''contemporary content analysis is an empirically grounded method, it transcends traditional notions of symbols, contents, and intents, and it has been forced to develop a methodology of its own'' (p. xxii). The book offers researchers different ways of analyzing meaningful matter, whether that matter is in the form of texts, images, or voices. Krippendorff's definition of meaningful matter is critical, because it recognizes that the researcher is working with ''data whose physical manifestations are secondary to what they mean to particular populations of people'' (p. xxii).The book is divided into three parts. Part 1, Conceptualizing Content Analysis, introduces the reader to the history of content analysis, provides a definition of the construct, and presents examples of applications of content analysis. Part 2, Components of Content Analysis, is the largest section of the book, containing six chapters that focus on the logic of content analysis designs, unitizing, sampling, recording/coding, data languages, and analytical constructs. Finally, in Part 3, Analytical Paths and Evaluative Techniques, the author presents techniques for representing data, discusses the importance of reliability and validity, explains computer aids, and provides a practical guide for conducting content analysis. Each of these chapters will be discussed in more depth below.Chapter 1 provides readers with a brief introduction to the history of content analysis. The author discusses early uses of content analysis covering a diverse set of research studies that range from the quantitative newspaper analyses of the late 1880s and early 1900s and the propaganda analyses of the war years to the numerous applications in the field of psychology and computer text analyses.The conceptual foundations of content analysis are detailed in chapter 2. Krippendorff states that ''content analysis is a research technique for making replicable and valid inferences from texts (or other meaningful matter) to the contexts of their use' ' (p. 18). Similar to other methodologies, the terms technique, replicable, and valid are central to his definition. Unique to this definition, however, is the term texts, which includes not only written material but data such as works of art, images, maps, sounds, signs, symbols, and even numerical records. To qualify as texts, these media must ''speak to someone about phenomena out...

PurposeTo introduce a model which examines the relationship between recruiters’ perceptions of image and the stigma of image norms.Design/methodology/approachThis paper examines the influence of image norms on recruiters’ perceptions of applicants during interviews and explores the manner in which recruiters may stigmatize applicants. A model is presented which explores how image norms may be used to stigmatize applicants and affect recruiters’ decisions.FindingsImage norms are found to have an influence on recruiters’ evaluations of applicants during the interview process.Research limitations/implicationsEmpirical tests of the model are suggested to illustrate how image norm violations lead to stigmatization during the recruitment process.Practical implicationsApplicants who are denied entry into organizations on the basis of their appearance or image, experience a subtle, yet unacceptable form of employment discrimination. Organizations need to ensure that they are not excluding potential employees who do not meet the image norm expectations of recruiters. Organizations need to make sure that the image norms used to evaluate applicants are not a proxy for discrimination based on protected characteristics.Originality/valueThis paper looks at image, a broader construct than physical attractiveness, to ensure equal opportunities for everyone. This is the first paper to consider the discriminatory effects of image in organizations.