Numerosas investigaciones ponen de manifiesto que la discriminación percibida tiene un efecto negativo importante en la salud física y mental de las personas pertenecientes a diversos grupos estigmatizados. El objetivo del presente estudio es investigar la relación entre la discriminación percibida y el balance entre emociones positivas y negativas en personas con discapacidad física. Asimismo, se analiza el papel mediador de una variable especialmente relevante en relación con las personas con discapacidad física, el dominio del entorno (Ryff, 1989a), como factor protector de la influencia negativa de la discriminación. En el estudio participaron 52 personas con discapacidad física. Los resultados mostraron que la relación negativa entre la discriminación percibida y el balance afectivo se reduce significativamente al introducir el dominio del entorno en la ecuación. Asimismo, se encontró que la edad de los participantes está positivamente relacionada, tanto con el balance afectivo, como con el dominio del entorno. Esta investigación demuestra que en la medida en que las personas con discapacidad física se sienten con la habilidad personal de elegir o crear entornos favorables, los efectos negativos del estigma disminuyen. Palabras clave: personas con discapacidad física, estigma, discriminación, bienestar, balance afectivo, dominio del entorno.
PurposeEntrepreneurship, which traditionally has been a male occupation, still attracts fewer women than men. Challenging gender stereotypes within entrepreneurship is one avenue to increase women's entrepreneurial intention and promote women entrepreneurship. This study adapts the “think manager – think male” leadership perspective to the entrepreneurship context and explores gender stereotype's implications for both entrepreneurial intention and motivation to become an entrepreneur.Design/methodology/approachA total of 902 Spanish non-entrepreneurs, both male and female, were randomly asked about the representation of successful entrepreneurs (no-gender-mention), successful men entrepreneurs or successful women entrepreneurs (reduced stereotype threat condition vs no-gender-mention or men entrepreneurs' conditions). Then, female participants' entrepreneurial intention, its antecedents (i.e. attitudes toward entrepreneurship, subjective norms and entrepreneurial self-efficacy) and necessity vs opportunity motivation were measured and compared to their male counterparts' scores in those three conditions.FindingsFemale participants reported higher entrepreneurial intention, self-efficacy and opportunity motivation when assigned to the successful women entrepreneurs' condition. Younger participants – compared to older ones – also exhibited higher entrepreneurial intention and opportunity motivation, more positive attitudes toward entrepreneurship and higher scores in subjective norms. Furthermore, findings suggest a woman entrepreneur seems to be less accessible (or more counter-stereotypical) to male participants than to female participants and, thus, the “think entrepreneur – think male” bias is more noticeable in male participants. Therefore, reducing negative stereotype threat for women in entrepreneurship may increase women's entrepreneurial career aspirations. This is of utmost importance to optimize training courses and mentoring programs to strengthen women's self-efficacy in their entrepreneurial skills and capabilities.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the literature about gender, entrepreneurial intention and motivation by adapting a leadership paradigm (“think manager – think male”) to entrepreneurship (“think entrepreneur – think male”). These findings shed new light on the antecedents of entrepreneurial intention and motivation and have implications for policy measures. Acknowledging that exposure to successful women entrepreneurs as role models potentially facilitates entrepreneurship among women, governments should provide tailor-made incentives and support for women entrepreneurs in the form of awareness raising, networking and in the mass media.
This research focuses on female underrepresentation in managerial positions. Specifically, two studies examine gender-typing for managerial roles in Spain using ratings for real and ideal managers. In addition, we analyse the existence of same-gender bias on evaluations of the behavior of actual leaders. In the first study, 195 Spanish workers evaluate the extent to which gender-stereotypical traits are important for becoming a successful middle manager in three conditions (female managers, male managers, and managers in general). In the second study, we explore the degree to which the behavior of real Spanish managers is gender-typed and the existence of same-gender bias on leadership styles - transformational, transactional and avoidant/passive - and on leadership outcomes - effectiveness, extra effort and satisfaction - from the perspective of subordinates (N = 605). Overall, the results demonstrate that masculine characteristics were rated as more important than feminine characteristics for managerial positions, and they were more often assigned to male managers than to female managers. Unexpectedly, this manager-male association is stronger among female participants than among male participants. Our findings also demonstrate that women subordinates evaluate their same-sex supervisors more favorably in transformational leadership, effectiveness, and extra effort. The negative consequences derived from gender-typing managerial positions are highlighted according to the role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. The positive effects of in-group female bias on behavior ratings are also noted. The mixed implications of these results for women's advancement to leadership positions are discussed.
Título: Propiedades psicométricas del inventario de creencias sobre violencia de pareja íntima. Resumen: Este estudio analiza las propiedades psicométricas del Inventario de Creencias sobre la violencia de pareja. En concreto, este inventario mide actitudes generales y específicas hacia la violencia contra las mujeres dentro de las relaciones de pareja. En el estudio participan 1169 personas con una edad comprendida entre 18 y 77 años. Los resultados muestran tres factores: a) Justificación de la violencia de género, b) Responsabilidad de la víctima y c) Responsabilidad del maltratador. El análisis factorial confirmatorio mostró índices de ajuste apropiados: CFI = .952, NFI = .942 y RMSEA = .062 (90% CI [.058 -.065]). Además, los resultados muestran validez convergente y divergente con el sexismo ambivalente hacia las mujeres y hacia los hombres. Se discute la utilidad de esta escala en el ámbito de la violencia contra la pareja. Palabras clave: Actitudes; Violencia contra la pareja; Sexismo; Género.Abstract: This study analysed the psychometric properties of the Inventory of Beliefs about Intimate Partner Violence (IBIPV) which is designed to measure general and specific attitudes to violence against women in intimate relationships. The participants were 1169 people aged from 18 to 77 years. We found that the IBIPV has a three-factor structure, the factors identified were: a) Justifying Partner Violence (JPV), b) Victims Responsible for Violence (VRV) and c) Abuser Responsible for Violence (ARV). Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis showed three levels of measurement invariance across gender: configural, metric and scalar invariance. As expected, evidence of the convergent and divergent validity of the inventory was provided by comparisons with the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI) and Ambivalence toward Men Inventory (AMI). Potential applications of the scale in the field of partner violence are discussed.
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